The ban on the advertising of convenience foods Essay

The ban on the advertising of convenience foods - Essay Example This article provides a counter response to such calls and it takes a supportive stand on behalf of the advertisers as there seems to be no clear-cut evidence to prove that such advertisements could also be a cause for the supposed epidemic of ill-health and obesity among these children. The article aims to bring out the positive effects of such advertising stating that it would actually be educative for the children. There is no compelling language used in the text. The article states that children like any others have the right to view such advertisements and thereby make their own food choices. The first two premises aim to counter the media claims by using survey reports that convenience and tasty food advertising are a reason for the supposed ill-health epidemic and obesity among children. In the third premise, there is a highlight on how food companies like the McDonalds not only promote healthy food for children but also contribute to the growth of children by sponsoring junio r level sporting activities. The next premise explains about the unproven link between health problems like diabetes due to consumption of fast foods. The fifth premise adds a note on the actual purpose of such advertising and makes a reference to the situation in the US. The final premise stresses that every child must have the right to information on food products which would help them make their own food choices and ends on a positive statement emphasizing the freedom that needs to be given to the advertising world in a democratic society.

Ri Paper For Internal Circulation Only Raffles Institution 2012 Essay Example for Free

Ri Paper For Internal Circulation Only Raffles Institution 2012 Essay Passage 1 1. What is the writer hoping to emphasise by italicising ‘does not’ and ‘cannot’ in line 6? [1] Lifted â€Å"Just because money does not buy happiness does not mean money cannot buy happiness,† says Elizabeth Dunn, a social psychologist and assistant professor at the University of British Columbia. Paraphrased The author hopes to emphasise †¦ (the contrast / difference between) what money often fails to do but actually has the potential to achieve. {MUST attempt to explain ‘does not’ and ‘cannot’. Merely saying that there is a difference/contrast is stating the obvious. E.g. ‘Does not’ is different from ‘cannot’. = 0m.} 1 2. Using your own words as far as possible, explain how we use money wrongly (line 8). [2] Lifted a. we tend to value GOODS over experiences, b. OURSELVES over others, Paraphrased a. People tend to think that commodities/things {must be tangible} are more important than experiences, b. People value themselves over others/self-centred†¦ OR spend on themselves rather than others, c. THINGS over people. c. People prefer spending on objects rather than people. d. [Inferred] We are spending on temporary pursuits and cravings that tend to disappear over time. {MUST capture the comparison (the reason it is wrong is because the preference is wrong). Need not follow the sequence in the answer scheme.} 3-4 points – 2 marks 1-2 points – 1 mark d. †¦ the spending that makes us happy, it turns out, is often spending where the money vanishes and leaves something INEFFABLE in its place. 1 For Internal Circulation Only 3. Using your own words as far as possible, explain three reasons why experiences are ‘inherently more social’ (line 28) [3] Lifted As experiences are inherently more social – when we vacation or eat out or go to the movies it is usually with other people, †¦we are liable also to RELIVE the experience when we see those people again. And past experiences can work as a sort of social adhesive even with people who did not PARTICIPATE with us, providing stories and conversational fodder in a way that a new watch or speedboat rarely can. In addition, †¦experiences do not usually trigger the same sort of PERNICIOUS comparisons that material possessions do†¦ (lines 2835) Paraphrased a. [Inferred] Experiences naturally involve interaction with people and 1 b. We are likely to recall / revisit / reminisce / recollect the experience when we meet those people again. c. People can also bond with people who were not present / strangers / others (through the sharing of anecdotes/conversational material). 1 1 d. Experiences do not cause hurtful comparisons†¦ OR experiences do not make people envious/jealous/ [inferred] insecure. 1 {MUST capture negative connotation.} 1m per point for any 3 of the above points. Maximum 3m. 4. Why does the writer use ‘seeming’ in the phrase ‘even for seeming essentials like cars, houses and, clothes’ (line 41)? Use your own words as far as possible. [1] Lifted Paraphrased Much of the impetus for a. Such needs are (could be) perceived to be crucial for discretionary spending everyday life even though they are not. OR†¦ even for seeming essentials like cars, b. Suggests that the author has doubts about whether houses, and clothes†¦ these objects are crucial. OR†¦ OR We might MISTAKE that c. The  writer feels that it is wrong to associate happiness with material/luxury goods. motivation for happiness, or for having a better life, but it is driven by something else, a human {Answer MUST include the idea of doubt and the need to compete or to fit explanation. in. Denied: sarcasm, cynicism, mockery Accepted: sceptical/scepticism (on its own), sceptical about this.} 1 2 For Internal Circulation Only 5. Explain what the writer means by ‘Talking about money and happiness in the same breath, it turns out, is not necessarily a surrender to crass materialism.’ (lines 47-48) [2] Lifted Talking about money and happiness in the SAME BREATH, it turns out, is not necessarily a SURRENDER to CRASS materialism†¦ Paraphrased a. Connecting / Linking money and happiness†¦ OR Talking about / discussing money and happiness together†¦ b. is in reality not always giving in to†¦ OR a submission to†¦ OR being a victim of†¦ c. a vulgar desire for material goods. OR excessive/shallow desire for luxury goods. 3 points – 2 marks 1-2 points – 1 mark. Passage 2 6. If you are a single male driving around in the Ferrari with nobody next to you, it is a glaring omission. (lines 14-15) a) Why does the writer refer to the Ferrari in line 15? [1] Pt Lift (not possible) Other trophies simply do not bring the payoff one expects. Says Loewenstein, If you are a single male driving around in the Ferrari with nobody next to you, it is a glaring omission. Inference a. A Ferrari is an example of a ‘trophy’. b. A Ferrari is a well-known example of a highly desired product. c. A Ferrari signifies high status / wealth in society. {Any of the above will be accepted.} 1 3 For Internal Circulation Only b) What does ‘glaring omission’ (line 15) imply here? Pt Lift (not possible) Other trophies simply do not bring the payoff one expects. Says Loewenstein, If you are a single male driving around in the Ferrari with nobody next to you, it is a glaring omission. [2] Inference [Inferred from ‘glaring’] a. It is strongly believed/popularly accepted that/very obvious {‘Emphasise’ and ‘highlight’ are not accepted because the question is not asking for the writer’s intention.} [Inferred from ‘omission’, reinforcing stereotypes.] b. that driving a Ferrari/luxury sports car will attract women / ladies / females / companions / partners. {Direct paraphrase of the quote is not acceptable.} 1 1 7. ‘A life that was constantly happy was not a good life’ (lines 30-31). Explain why this is a paradox. [2] Pt Lift Part of the meaning of life is to have highs and lows. A life that was constantly happy was not a good life. Inference [Must capture the clash.] a. We aim/wish/expect for maximum/optimum happiness in our lives all the time AND any of the following [Must capture what ‘good life’ entails.] b. Yet, a good life is one that has ups and downs, not just ups OR c. Yet, a good life is one with adequate/comparable negative experiences, not just positive experiences OR d. Yet, it is not just happiness that is ‘good’ but the ‘bad’ (of lows) is also seen to be ‘good’ {The key idea here is to question the value of ‘constant’ as a ‘good’ thing.} Answers will get either 2 marks or 0 mark. 1 1 4 For Internal Circulation Only 8. Summary Using material from paragraphs 2 to 5, summarise what Matthew Herper has to say about why wealth does not bring a constant sense of joy, why happiness is overrated, and the relationship between money and happiness. Wealth does not bring a constant sense of joy as Pt a. Lift Re-phrase Part of the reason is that people are not people do not know how to use their money very good at FIGURING out what to do to get happiness with the money, (lines 6-7) OR {Main idea of a lack of knowledge people are incompetent when it comes to understanding how to use money about how to manage money.} People generally OVERESTIMATE (line they have unrealistic expectations of the 8) {Students must capture the idea that it is off the mark.} the amount of long-term PLEASURE they will get from a given object. (lines 89) The way people spend money can make them less happy. (lines 9-10) Other trophies simply do not bring the (line 14) b. c. d. e. (Enduring) joy / happiness / positive outcomes that they can derive from something/object. The way people spend money can make them less happy. Other possessions also may not deliver f. g. {Do not accept ‘prizes’ / ’plaques’ / ’rewards’} PAYOFF one expects. (line 14) the rewards / utility / happiness we hope / wish to have. The central problem is that the human Next, our brain is accustomed to brain becomes CONDITIONED to pleasant/happy/joyful experiences as positive experiences. (lines 15-16) OR You can get used to anything, be it hanging by your toenails or making millions of dollars a day. (lines 19-20) Getting a chunk of unexpected money registers as a good thing, but as time passes, the response WEARS off. (lines 16-18) Mood may be set more by heredity†¦ (line 20) h. with time, their effect on us weakens/dies off/subsides. i. Lastly, our happiness level may depend on our genes 5 For Internal Circulation Only j. k. than by anything else (line 20) But this raises another question. How IMPORTANT is happiness anyway? (line 23) People with chronic illnesses describe themselves as happy, but they would still pay large sums for better health. And although healthy individuals are not much happier than quadriplegics, they would pay large sums of money to keep the use of their limbs. (lines 23-26) Some of lifes most SATISFYING experiences (line 26) do not bring happiness. (line 27) Part of the meaning of life is to have highs (line 30) and lows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 30) A life that was CONSTANTLY happy (line 30) was not a GOOD life. (lines 30-31) more than other factors. OR predominantly / mostly [Inferred] However, the significance / necessity / crucial nature of happiness is still in doubt. [Inferred] Even supposedly happy people find happiness insufficient [Inferred] as they are willing to pay to ensure certain privileges†¦ OR health. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. Besides, some of the most gratifying/rewarding experiences do not make us happy. A meaningful life should also have its joyous and sad moments. A life that is always / perpetually happy is not fulfilling. t. u. {Do not award for point s in the absence of point r.} However, there may be at least one Yet, there remains a significant link IMPORTANT relationship between between money and happiness in that money and happiness (lines 31-32) †¦ happy people tend to have higher happy people earn more. incomes later on in their lives. (lines 3334) OR So, while money may not help make people happy, being happy may help them make money. (lines 34-35) Total: 21 points, 11 words that cannot be lifted Points ≠¥ 14 12 – 13 10 – 11 8–9 7 5–6 3–4 1–2 Marks 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 For Internal Circulation Only Wealth does not bring a constant sense of joy as†¦ people do not know how to use their money {a} and have unrealistic expectations {b} of the enduring joy that they can derive from something {c}. Other prized possessions {e} also may not deliver the rewards we wish to have {f}. Next, our brain is trained to be accustomed to pleasant experiences {g} as with time, their effect on us subsides {h}. However, the significance of happiness is still in doubt {k}. Even supposedly happy people find happiness insufficient {l} and are willing to pay to ensure their health {m}. Besides, some of the most gratifying experiences {n} do not make us happy {o}. A life that is always happy {r} is also not fulfilling {s}. Yet, there remains a significant link {t} between money and happiness – happy people earn more {u}. (16 points, 116 words) Vocabulary: 9. Give the meaning of the following words as they are used in the passage. You may write your answer in one word or a short phrase. Passage 1 Futility (line 3) noun Philosophers and gurus, holy books and self-help manuals have all warned of the futility of equating material gain with true well-being Answer should capture: ï‚ · Does not achieve purpose  OR lacks meaning ï‚ · Negative connotation Intriguing (line 8) adj The intriguing explanation for the poor wealth-to-happiness exchange rate is that the problem is not money, it is us. Answer should capture: ï‚ · Arousing intense curiosity OR very interesting ï‚ · Intensity 1 mark ï‚ · Hopelessness ï‚ · Uselessness ï‚ · Lack of purpose or meaning ï‚ · Efforts are in vain Accepted ï‚ · Ineffectiveness ï‚ · Meaningless ï‚ · Pointlessness 0 marks ï‚ · Wastage ï‚ · Worthless venture ï‚ · Failure ï‚ · Improbable ï‚ · Inability ï‚ · Foolishness ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Ability to arouse intense curiosity Fascinating Deeply/very interesting Appeal strongly To captivate Very interesting and unexpected Very interesting and surprising ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Capture interest Arouse curiosity Extremely interesting Thoughtprovoking ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Interesting {indication of intensity is not very apparent} Exciting Puzzling Ignorance Surprising Curious Intellectually stimulating 7 For Internal Circulation Only impetus (line 40) noun Much of the impetus for discretionary spending – even for seeming essentials like cars, houses, and clothes – comes from a desire to send certain signals about our buying power and our tastes. Answer should capture: ï‚ · The idea of a push or drive. Quell (line 45) verb And $5,000 worth of new stuff, or even $500,000 worth, is unlikely to permanently quell that need. Answer should capture: ï‚ · Suppressing. 1 mark ï‚ · (Sustained) drive ï‚ · Push ï‚ · Motivation ï‚ · A moving force ï‚ · Impulse ï‚ · Stimulus ï‚ · Boost Accepted ï‚ · Catalyst ï‚ · Thrust ï‚ · Spur ï‚ · Spark ï‚ · Trigger ï‚ · Incentive 0 marks ï‚ · Impulsive ï‚ · Penchant ï‚ · Impetuous ï‚ · Attack ï‚ · Assail ï‚ · Reason ï‚ · ï‚ · Subdue Suppress ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Quiet Satiate / Quench Satisfy Appease Fulfil (incidental / part / whole) Allay Pacify Assuage ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Vanquish / Defeat {wrong context} Stop / Halt / Cease Remove Overthrow / Overcome Repress Oppress Extinguish Destroy / Annihilate Kill Dispel Diminish Literally Figuratively Approximately {the idea of estimation, not accepted} Ostensibly Actually Effectually Basically Passage 2 Virtually (line 1) adverb Surveys have found virtually the same level of happiness between the very rich individuals on the Forbes 400 and the Maasai herdsmen of East Africa. Answer should capture: ï‚ · For the most part. ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Nearly; Practically; Almost completely Almost wholly Almost entirely For the most part Just about ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Almost Effectively Essentially ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · 8 For Internal Circulation Only 10. Application Question: Drake Bennett talks about how pro-social spending can lead to happiness while Matthew Herper argues that money does not lead to happiness. Which writer’s views do you find more persuasive? Discuss the relevance of the arguments presented in both passages to you and your own society. [8] ï‚ · ï‚ · Answers that refer to only material from one passage would not be awarded more than 3 marks Explanation/evaluation should not just be a paraphrase of authors’ opinions Possible points From Passage 1 Bennett 1 Extract For deep-seated psychological reasons, when it comes to spending money, we tend to value goods over experiences, ourselves over others, things over people. (lines 9-11) Possible explanations S’pore context Relevant : In a society that is economically driven more than anything else, this is not a surprise. This drive, whether marked by early economic migration, post-war rebuilding, separation from Malaysia or simply Government push, remains sustained, if not stronger. Material success is celebrated and sheer narcissistic consumption is validated by commercial as well as social media. Examples : 2011 SMU study – S’porean women are significantly more materialistic than their American counterparts. Relevance of 5 ‘C’ [cash, credit card, car, condo, country club] notations despite more than a decade of use Not so relevant: There is a rising trend of S’poreans spending on people rather than objects; in 2007, Finance Minister Tharman had indicated clear tax concessions for charity spending and to focus Singapore as a ‘philanthropy hub’. More people, not just the rich, are donating generous sums to their alumni schools, religious charities and other organizations catering to  specific demographics such as the elderly, physically disabled, terminally ill etc. There is also increase in charity through CSR, whether by global MNCs or S’pore GLCs. Of course, the real intention behind the generosity is debatable but as corporations form a substantial percentage in a small workforce, the evidence is mathematically there that ‘we, the management/employees of company X, Y, Z†¦ are altruistic and caring’. There is a rising trend of social entrepreneurs opening restaurants to help the less fortunate and former prisoners. 9 For Internal Circulation Only 2 †¦ higher â€Å"prosocial spending† – gifts for others and donations to charity – was indeed correlated with higher selfreported happiness. (lines 18-20) Relevant : well-known philanthropists such as popiah king Sam Goi, Elim Chew of 77th Street, remisier Peter Lim, Chinese Chamber of Commerce ex-president Chua Thian Poh, Mustaq Ahmad of Mustafa Centre etc have gone on record to say so on newspaper interviews. Hong Kong billionaire loves to donate to Singapore, especially for education charity, for the same purported reason. The education system also introduces students to prosocial spending. The persistence of students in doing charitable acts also suggests happiness and satisfaction obtained. Not so relevant: This is not a technical disagreement. While the actual amount on ‘pro-social spending’ could be higher, it is usually by a small group of uber-rich AND older persons. The majority of Singaporeans, especially youth, have gone on record in many academic surveys that high levels of nuanced selfish material consumption is more rewarding than engaging in others’ welfare. The intense hours and anxiety spent on studying/work necessarily need to see material purchases as a direct reward. Perhaps this material reward can THEN lead to social happiness by the envy/admiration they evoke – e.g. for a Prada handbag, for the possession of a prized virtual weapon for a Diablo 3 PC online game character. This could be an unintended consequence of a meritocratic society. Most parents would also largely spend on their children and obtain great satisfaction. 3 money spent on experiences – vacations or theatre tickets or meals out – makes you happier than money spent on material goods. (lines 21-23) Relevant: Points to support this will  be relatively difficult based on available Singapore studies. Typically, Singaporeans vacationing will covet purchases from overseas; theatre ticket purchases locally may indicate a need to belong to a certain materially privileged crowd rather than the sheer love of the arts. Nevertheless, any qualified evidence is welcome to support agreement however the difficulty is in establishing the level of happiness obtained. Not so relevant: Typical youth population notes that playing World Of Warcraft or getting a new iPhone 4S is far more meaningful; middle-aged men and their toy figure collections; ladies of all ages on record saying that splurging on themselves, expensive cosmetic treatment more rewarding than anything else – refer to any Friday URBAN section of The Straits Times. As mentioned in earlier point, first the money has to be spent on material goods and THEN the experience related or shared can increase your happiness as a corollary. 4 As experiences are inherently more social †¦ we are liable also to relive the experience Relevant : the rise of alumni associations locally, aided by social media, have greatly increased networking; heritage and memorabilia gatherings are on the rise with 10 For Internal Circulation Only when we see those people again. And past experiences can work as a sort of social adhesive even with people who did not participate with us, providing stories and conversational fodder in a way that a new watch or speedboat rarely can 5 (lines 28-32) Talking about money and happiness in the same breath, it turns out, is not necessarily a surrender to crass materialism – it can also be a route to a new and more humane way to think about vitally important things like consumption, satisfaction, investment, and value. (lines 47-50) rich persons being key drivers behind these projects. Various hobby groups would also be relevant such as cycling clubs, dragon boating groups or cosplay groups. Not so relevant: There are hobby groups based on material goods such as car clubs or clubs for owners of toys. Material goods can also generate a sense of nostalgia. Relevant: SMU Board chairman Ho Kwon Ping and wife Claire Chiang regularly  promote pro-social spending and business; they are seen as new-age positive materialists and intellectuals. Christina Ong, boss of homegrown Club 21, is known for widespread charity outreach and growing her business, with equal pleasure. Not so relevant: For the majority of Singaporeans who lack such education or reflective practices, blatant monetary and property acquisition is the norm and only leads to a vicious cycle of debt, miscalculated risk-taking in investment etc From Passage 2 1 Extract People generally overestimate the amount of long-term pleasure they will get from a given object. Sometimes, Loewenstein notes, the way people spend their money can actually make them less happy. (lines 8-10) Possible explanations S’pore context Relevant: Just the consumer electronics industry here can attest to this; spending on upgrading of Apple smartphones from 3Gs to 4 to 4S; disposing of existing LCD for widescreen and 3D monitors, graphics cards in favour of new ones even though all are fully functional; rising number of secondhand computer parts shops is evidence of increasing technology shopping, which ultimately leaves one unhappy and insecure in the face of inability to keep up with the latest. While the tech spending may supposedly be mostly for males, the females display this ‘overestimation of long-term pleasure’ in copious fashion couture purchases and cosmetics. The increase in level of credit card debt is also an indication of less happiness as a result of overspending. Not to relevant: A basic level of income is necessary in Singapore to live a comfortable life. With a median household income of S$6000, anyone earning less would be hard pressed to live comfortably. In wired Singapore, having electronic goods is a necessity and can help attain more happiness in terms of education and interacting with peers. 2 The central problem is that the human brain becomes Relevant: Just looking at government financial decisions which affect the majority of the population after a while, 11 For Internal Circulation Only conditioned to positive experiences. Getting a chunk of unexpected money registers as a good thing, but as time passes, the response wears off. An expected paycheck does not bring any buzz at all  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and does not contribute to overall happiness. (lines 15-19) Not so relevant: Since the Singapore population composition keeps changing with addition of foreigners, for the majority of the new citizens, this buzz is sustained. As Singaporeans also travel more, they might be more aware of societies which are not as fortunate as Singapore. Relevant: raising a family is universally seen as rewarding; the Government keeps promoting childbearing YET almost the first twenty years of a local child causes much stress for parents – working mothers post-maternity leave and the perennial maid/mother/mother-in-law management; young couples griping about childcare and choice primary schools; until the child is in a choice pri school and moving on to a premier sec sch, the parents put themselves under great duress. There is growing feeling that work-life balance is impossible and people are focusing more on their careers. Not so relevant: Hard to convince for majority local context but there is evidence that a positive change in attitudes to raising children is present, thanks to religious organizations, pro-family policies, national movements e.g. DadsForLife!. There are people who are giving up their careers for the sake of their children. There is also a push for women to return to the workforce after raising their children initially. 4 †¦ happy people tend to have higher incomes later on in their lives. So, while money may not help make people happy, being happy may help them make money. (lines 33-35) Relevant: There are professional who have given up their careers to take up their passions such as opening restaurants and bakeries, and they are doing well. There is an increasing number of entrepreneurs who pursue their passions. The main issue here is that happiness is independent of money and they do not have any links. Not so relevant In 2012, S’pore ranks high in benchmarks of physical comforts – healthiest country in the world, richest country in the world BUT ranks 90th in Happiness Index. Almost the entire local labour force can be on record for having technically higher incomes through their lives but the cost of living never lets up. Singaporeans are not happy or not happy enough but they keep making money anyway. the public becomes numb to the government’s welltimed monetary handouts and utility bill/town council fee reductions; the public expects more consultative engagement for sustained happiness. Recent feedback from the public seems to suggest that people overlook what is good in Singapore and focus on only the negative in terms of healthcare,  transportation, housing, and standards of living. Possible reasons could be a lack of sufficient information about life in other societies and countries. 3 Some of lifes most satisfying experiences do not bring happiness. For instance, having children actually makes people less happy over the short term (lines 26-28) 12

Comparing Convergence Of False Position And Bisection Methods Engineering Essay

Comparing Convergence Of False Position And Bisection Methods Engineering Essay Explain with example that rate of convergence of false position method is faster than that of the bisection method. Introduction False position method In numerical analysis, the false position method or regula falsi method is a root-finding algorithm that combines features from the bisection method and the secant method. The method: The first two iterations of the false position method. The red curve shows the function f and the blue lines are the secants. Like the bisection method, the false position method starts with two points a0 and b0 such that f(a0) and f(b0) are of opposite signs, which implies by the intermediate value theorem that the function f has a root in the interval [a0, b0], assuming continuity of the function f. The method proceeds by producing a sequence of shrinking intervals [ak, bk] that all contain a root of f. At iteration number k, the number is computed. As explained below, ck is the root of the secant line through (ak, f(ak)) and (bk, f(bk)). If f(ak) and f(ck) have the same sign, then we set ak+1 = ck and bk+1 = bk, otherwise we set ak+1 = ak and bk+1 = ck. This process is repeated until the root is approximated sufficiently well. The above formula is also used in the secant method, but the secant method always retains the last two computed points, while the false position method retains two points which certainly bracket a root. On the other hand, the only difference between the false position method and the bisection method is that the latter uses ck = (ak + bk) / 2. Bisection method In mathematics, the bisection method is a root-finding algorithm which repeatedly bisects an interval then selects a subinterval in which a root must lie for further processing. It is a very simple and robust method, but it is also relatively slow. The method is applicable when we wish to solve the equation for the scalar variable x, where f is a continuous function. The bisection method requires two initial points a and b such that f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs. This is called a bracket of a root, for by the intermediate value theorem the continuous function f must have at least one root in the interval (a, b). The method now divides the interval in two by computing the midpoint c = (a+b) / 2 of the interval. Unless c is itself a rootwhich is very unlikely, but possiblethere are now two possibilities: either f(a) and f(c) have opposite signs and bracket a root, or f(c) and f(b) have opposite signs and bracket a root. We select the subinterval that is a bracket, and apply the same bisection step to it. In this way the interval that might contain a zero of f is reduced in width by 50% at each step. We continue until we have a bracket sufficiently small for our purposes. This is similar to the computer science Binary Search, where the range of possible solutions is halved each iteration. Explicitly, if f(a) f(c) Advantages and drawbacks of the bisection method Advantages of Bisection Method The bisection method is always convergent. Since the method brackets the root, the method is guaranteed to converge. As iterations are conducted, the interval gets halved. So one can guarantee the decrease in the error in the solution of the equation. Drawbacks of Bisection Method The convergence of bisection method is slow as it is simply based on halving the interval. If one of the initial guesses is closer to the root, it will take larger number of iterations to reach the root. If a function is such that it just touches the x-axis (Figure 3.8) such as it will be unable to find the lower guess, , and upper guess, , such that For functions where there is a singularity and it reverses sign at the singularity, bisection method may converge on the singularity (Figure 3.9). An example include and, are valid initial guesses which satisfy . However, the function is not continuous and the theorem that a root exists is also not applicable. Figure.3.8. Function has a single root at that cannot be bracketed. Figure.3.9. Function has no root but changes sign. Explanation Source code for False position method: Example code of False-position method C code was written for clarity instead of efficiency. It was designed to solve the same problem as solved by the Newtons method and secant method code: to find the positive number x where cos(x) = x3. This problem is transformed into a root-finding problem of the form f(x) = cos(x) x3 = 0. #include #include double f(double x) { return cos(x) x*x*x; } double FalsiMethod(double s, double t, double e, int m) { int n,side=0; double r,fr,fs = f(s),ft = f(t); for (n = 1; n { r = (fs*t ft*s) / (fs ft); if (fabs(t-s) fr = f(r); if (fr * ft > 0) { t = r; ft = fr; if (side==-1) fs /= 2; side = -1; } else if (fs * fr > 0) { s = r; fs = fr; if (side==+1) ft /= 2; side = +1; } else break; } return r; } int main(void) { printf(%0.15fn, FalsiMethod(0, 1, 5E-15, 100)); return 0; } After running this code, the final answer is approximately 0.865474033101614 Example 1 Consider finding the root of f(x) = x2 3. Let ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.01, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.01 and start with the interval [1, 2]. Table 1. False-position method applied to f(x)  =  x2 3. a b f(a) f(b) c f(c) Update Step Size 1.0 2.0 -2.00 1.00 1.6667 -0.2221 a = c 0.6667 1.6667 2.0 -0.2221 1.0 1.7273 -0.0164 a = c 0.0606 1.7273 2.0 -0.0164 1.0 1.7317 0.0012 a = c 0.0044 Thus, with the third iteration, we note that the last step 1.7273 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1.7317 is less than 0.01 and |f(1.7317)| Note that after three iterations of the false-position method, we have an acceptable answer (1.7317 where f(1.7317) = -0.0044) whereas with the bisection method, it took seven iterations to find a (notable less accurate) acceptable answer (1.71344 where f(1.73144) = 0.0082) Example 2 Consider finding the root of f(x) = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)) on the interval [3, 4], this time with ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.001, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.001. Table 2. False-position method applied to f(x)  = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)). a b f(a) f(b) c f(c) Update Step Size 3.0 4.0 0.047127 -0.038372 3.5513 -0.023411 b = c 0.4487 3.0 3.5513 0.047127 -0.023411 3.3683 -0.0079940 b = c 0.1830 3.0 3.3683 0.047127 -0.0079940 3.3149 -0.0021548 b = c 0.0534 3.0 3.3149 0.047127 -0.0021548 3.3010 -0.00052616 b = c 0.0139 3.0 3.3010 0.047127 -0.00052616 3.2978 -0.00014453 b = c 0.0032 3.0 3.2978 0.047127 -0.00014453 3.2969 -0.000036998 b = c 0.0009 Thus, after the sixth iteration, we note that the final step, 3.2978 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 3.2969 has a size less than 0.001 and |f(3.2969)| In this case, the solution we found was not as good as the solution we found using the bisection method (f(3.2963) = 0.000034799) however, we only used six instead of eleven iterations. Source code for Bisection method #include #include #define epsilon 1e-6 main() { double g1,g2,g,v,v1,v2,dx; int found,converged,i; found=0; printf( enter the first guessn); scanf(%lf,g1); v1=g1*g1*g1-15; printf(value 1 is %lfn,v1); while (found==0) { printf(enter the second guessn); scanf(%lf,g2); v2=g2*g2*g2-15; printf( value 2 is %lfn,v2); if (v1*v2>0) {found=0;} else found=1; } printf(right guessn); i=1; while (converged==0) { printf(n iteration=%dn,i); g=(g1+g2)/2; printf(new guess is %lfn,g); v=g*g*g-15; printf(new value is%lfn,v); if (v*v1>0) { g1=g; printf(the next guess is %lfn,g); dx=(g1-g2)/g1; } else { g2=g; printf(the next guess is %lfn,g); dx=(g1-g2)/g1; } if (fabs(dx)less than epsilon {converged=1;} i=i+1; } printf(nth calculated value is %lfn,v); } Example 1 Consider finding the root of f(x) = x2 3. Let ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.01, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.01 and start with the interval [1, 2]. Table 1. Bisection method applied to f(x)  =  x2 3. a b f(a) f(b) c  =  (a  +  b)/2 f(c) Update new b à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a 1.0 2.0 -2.0 1.0 1.5 -0.75 a = c 0.5 1.5 2.0 -0.75 1.0 1.75 0.062 b = c 0.25 1.5 1.75 -0.75 0.0625 1.625 -0.359 a = c 0.125 1.625 1.75 -0.3594 0.0625 1.6875 -0.1523 a = c 0.0625 1.6875 1.75 -0.1523 0.0625 1.7188 -0.0457 a = c 0.0313 1.7188 1.75 -0.0457 0.0625 1.7344 0.0081 b = c 0.0156 1.71988/td> 1.7344 -0.0457 0.0081 1.7266 -0.0189 a = c 0.0078 Thus, with the seventh iteration, we note that the final interval, [1.7266, 1.7344], has a width less than 0.01 and |f(1.7344)| Example 2 Consider finding the root of f(x) = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)) on the interval [3, 4], this time with ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.001, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.001. Table 1. Bisection method applied to f(x)  = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)). a b f(a) f(b) c  =  (a  +  b)/2 f(c) Update new b à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a 3.0 4.0 0.047127 -0.038372 3.5 -0.019757 b = c 0.5 3.0 3.5 0.047127 -0.019757 3.25 0.0058479 a = c 0.25 3.25 3.5 0.0058479 -0.019757 3.375 -0.0086808 b = c 0.125 3.25 3.375 0.0058479 -0.0086808 3.3125 -0.0018773 b = c 0.0625 3.25 3.3125 0.0058479 -0.0018773 3.2812 0.0018739 a = c 0.0313 3.2812 3.3125 0.0018739 -0.0018773 3.2968 -0.000024791 b = c 0.0156 3.2812 3.2968 0.0018739 -0.000024791 3.289 0.00091736 a = c 0.0078 3.289 3.2968 0.00091736 -0.000024791 3.2929 0.00044352 a = c 0.0039 3.2929 3.2968 0.00044352 -0.000024791 3.2948 0.00021466 a = c 0.002 3.2948 3.2968 0.00021466 -0.000024791 3.2958 0.000094077 a = c 0.001 3.2958 3.2968 0.000094077 -0.000024791 3.2963 0.000034799 a = c 0.0005 Thus, after the 11th iteration, we note that the final interval, [3.2958, 3.2968] has a width less than 0.001 and |f(3.2968)| Convergence Rate Why dont we always use false position method? There are times it may converge very, very slowly. Example: What other methods can we use? Comparison of rate of convergence for bisection and false-position method

Minorities and Policing :: essays research papers

Minorities and Policing: Unfairly Treated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we look at the past, we can see that there is no warm tradition of community cooperation between the African-American community and law enforcement. Minorities and Policing is an important topic because it deals with issues pertaining to how minorities are treated by the police. Racial profiling and social injustice are important areas when dealing with unfair treatment of minorities. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How minorities feel about police 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Employing minorities 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfair treatment of minorities within the legal system This review of the information on minorities and policing focuses on these three issues. How Minorities Feel About Police   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Dr. Carl S. Taylor, the relationship between minority groups and police in the United States has historically been strained. Some cities have a deep and bitter history of bias and prejudice interwoven in their past relationships. The feeling in many communities today is that the system pits law enforcement as an occupying army versus the neighborhood. Dr. Taylor wrote about easing tensions between police and minorities, but stated â€Å"If there is any good news in the current situation, it is that the history of this strain has found the 1990’s ripe for change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is considerable evidence that minorities and police are not in agreement on many issues, and the blame is being shifted from all parties involved. The police feel that they are fair in their treatment of minorities, but the evidence in many instance prove otherwise. When we view articles on the arrests of minorities versus whites, you will notice a variation in how various nationalities are treated. When reading the newspaper, you will see the photograph of a minority with previous criminal history and other issues outlined. This to me is done to paint a picture that shows the accused is already known for violating the law.

Mate Selection

It is not uncommon for individuals to bargain with themselves in an effort to create motivation where none exists: If I get the lawn mowed before noon, I’ll spend the rest of the day watching football; if I lose five pounds, I’ll buy that new dress.   Sometimes, when individuals bargain, it isn’t as much for motivation as it is for justification: If my boss won’t give me that raise, I’ll stop working those extra hours; I had every right to flip that guy off because he cut right in front of me. These are instances in which the bargaining is self-motivated, self-serving, and self-indulgent, and while effective and perhaps necessary, the stakes in most of these circumstances isn’t necessarily high.   After all, who’s going to know or care if a yard goes unmowed, a dress is prematurely purchased, an extra hour isn’t spent at one’s desk, or a flip-off wasn’t honestly deserved?   However, when it comes to choosing a mate in a relationship, the role played by bargaining carries a much higher stake, and the consequences of poor judgment while bargaining and/or poor bargaining tactics can be devastating. The degree to which bargaining occurs during the mate selection process varies from person to person as do the focal point(s) of the bargain; however, there are a number of areas that are particularly intriguing. â€Å"The Necessities and Luxuries of Mate Preferences: Testing the Tradeoffs† (2002)  focuses on the degree to which â€Å"women and men first ensure sufficient levels of necessities in  potential mates before considering many other characteristics† (Li, Bailey, Kenrick, &  Linsenmeier).   Factors such as a potential mate’s attractiveness and social status are essential  according to Li, et al. (2002); however, because their research placed greater emphasis on  realistic economic potential as opposed to that of previous research (which allowed for  speculation regarding â€Å"how to spend imaginary lottery winnings†), a pattern that had not  previously emerged became clear: the sexes do not always agree on what constitutes a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"necessity† versus what constitutes a â€Å"luxury† (Li, et al., 2002). American social construct is partially responsible for this difference.   Men are far more likely to have access to â€Å"status, power, and resources†; therefore, these are deemed â€Å"necessary† traits by women who seek a mate.   On the other hand, men view women as the means by which offspring can be produced, and based on this, they see physical attractiveness and age as â€Å"necessary† factors in mate selection (Li, et al., 2002).   Obviously, this requires a great degree of bargaining as the two subjects are (at least initially) focused on absolutely different traits while evaluating a potential mate Where Li, et al. conclude that much of the bargaining that occurs in mate selection is based on the differences between what men and women consider â€Å"necessary,† â€Å"Gender Socialization: How Bargaining Power Shapes Social Norms and Political Attitudes,† (2005) examines the social dynamics that might be responsible for creating the basis for the differences between the sexes regarding what is â€Å"necessary† (Iversen & Rosenbluth). Iversen and Rosenbluth (2005) focus on the issue of patriarchy â€Å"and explore its effects on female social, economic, and political status† in order to evaluate â€Å"mate choice preferences between agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial societies.†Ã‚   This research was an intriguing undertaking, and what it revealed was the effect that social structure had on the bargaining that took place in mate selection. Social settings that required brawn (i.e. the agricultural and industrial periods) required women willingly bargain to find a mate who was physically capable of performing basic household and wage-earning duties (Iverson & Rosenbluth).   Women often bargained for a mate with physical strength by giving up living arrangements, locations, and circumstances.   Because women of the agricultural and industrial periods were not physically capable of performing some tasks and legally barred from others, there was little choice but for them to put aside almost everything but sheer physical strength when undertaking bargaining during mate selection (Iversen & Rosenbluth). When the post-industrial period was examined, two significant differences were seen.   First, because the need for physical prowess to survive at home and at work had diminished, women were far less likely to bargain away everything simply to secure a strong man.   â€Å"Once employment opportunities for women [began to approach] those of men in quantity and quality, socialization [began] to shift away from [women’s] ‘playing the marriage market’ † (Iversen & Rosenbluth). No longer would women willingly pack up and move hundreds of miles away from all family and all friends, nor would they automatically settle for a man of lower social and economic status in order to marry brawn—women could consider themselves wage-earners and be more choosey when it came to potential mates (Iversen & Rosenbluth). The second phenomenon that was revealed was â€Å"the declining importance of virginity† that factored into the bargaining (Iversen & Rosenbluth).   Where women of the agricultural and industrial periods had to secure their virginity absolutely, women of the post-industrial period were not as likely to be dismissed as ineligible brides by the men of the era simply because they were no longer virgins.   This degree of personal control had a freeing effect on women who began to see themselves as capable of autonomy (Iversen & Rosenbluth). Much of this seems to indicate a breaking away on the part of women, and Iversen and Rosenbluth (2005) conclude that â€Å"while mate preferences in agrarian societies seemed to reflect an inevitable female resignation to their subordination, modern mate preferences are more egalitarian, and the gender gap in policy preferences suggest that many women are hoping to use the democratic state to make them more egalitarian still.† Given the number of times a day an individual is likely to bargain with him/herself over routine actions or mundane decisions, it seems reasonable that a great deal of bargaining go into something as significant as the selection of one’s mate.   Research seems to indicate that like other acknowledged differences that exist between the sexes, the degree to which certain factors influence bargaining with and selection of a potential mate may depend on the gender of the evaluator. Further, it seems that as time passes and the more independent women become, the more the evaluative items regarding what is â€Å"necessary† may change in the minds of both males and females. References Iversen, T. & Rosenbluth, F.   (2005).   Gender socialization: How bargaining power shapes social norms and political attitudes.   Retrieved October 22, 2006. Li, N. P., Bailey, J. M., Kenrick, D. T., & Linsenmeier, J. A. W.   (2002).   The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing and tradeoffs.   Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6). Retrieved October 22, 2006               

Students With Disabilities In UAE Health And Social Care Essay

This survey aims to find the behavior jobs among pupils with disablements in United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) and the relationship between these jobs and a figure of variables with respect to gender, age, type and badness of disablement from which the nothing hypotheses for the survey have emerged. The survey sample consisted of 297 pupils enrolled in the rehabilitation centres affiliated to the Ministry of Social Affairs. For this intent, research workers designed a questionnaire which was developed on the footing of the content cogency and its dependability was verified through the dependability coefficient which reaches 0.91. After analyzing the void hypotheses of the survey, findings indicate that there are important differences at 0.05 degree in the behaviour jobs harmonizing to the variables of gender, age, type and badness of disablement. It has been found out that male pupils above eight old ages old, pupils with rational disablement and those with terrible disablements are most to exhibit behavior jobs. Findingss have besides shown the types of behaviour jobs from which that pupils with disablements suffered harmonizing to the survey variables. On this footing, the survey has provided a figure of recommendations, the most of import of which are: provide behaviour accommodation plans addressed to pupils with rational disablements ; supply societal rehabilitation and communicating plans for pupils with terrible disablements.IntroductionA behaviour job is defined as a socially inappropriate or harmful behaviour to self or to others. Its standards include the prevailing behavior in the society in which the kid lives. Thus a given behaviour may be considered a behaviour job in one community, while it is non so in another. Furthermore, the form and the frequence of the behaviour are considered among the standards that define the behavioural job, in add-on to the grade of rightness between the behaviour and the state of affairs and its relationship to the ability of the pupil to larn. Kirk et Al ( 2003 ) define the behaviour job as divergence from the behavior that is appropriate up to the age which interferes with person ‘s growing, his development and the lives of others. Ibrahem et. Al. ( 1993 ) believe that kids in the Arab World suffer from many behavior jobs as a consequence of societal alterations that in their communities and the deficiency of specialised rehabilitation services. In position of the increased behaviour jobs of pupils with disablements and the function of these jobs in forestalling their psychological and societal version, and impeding benefits of educational and curative services provided for them, this survey aims to place the most frequent behaviour jobs that pupils with disablements who enrolled in centres affiliated to the Ministry of Social Affairs ( United Arab Emirates, UAE ) in relationship of gender, age, type and badness of their disablements. The significance of this survey stems from the fact that pupils with disablements are most vulnerable to behavior jobs ensuing from their failure to accommodate demands of their surrounding community and the deficiency of mental or centripetal perceptual experience of the stimulation around them. These jobs affect those single ‘s ability to get the necessary accomplishments and their adaptability to social and school environments. In position of the importance of this topic and the rareness of surveies that deal with it in the Arab universe, particularly in the UAE, this survey will be a new add-on. Therefore, it seeks to accomplish the undermentioned aims: To place the behaviour jobs exhibited by pupils with disablements. To stipulate the function of the undermentioned variables in the happening of behaviour jobs in pupils with disablements who join rehabilitation centres in the state ( gender, age, type and badness of disablement ) .Hypothesiss of the Study are:There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the gender of the handicapped. There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the age of the handicapped. There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the type of disablement. There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the badness of disablement.Reappraisal of LiteratureAs for the prevalence of behavior jobs among kids, Tuma ‘s survey ( 1989 ) has indicated that 11 % of kids are enduring from behavioural and mental upsets. This per centum increases greatly if we add to it those pupils with larning jobs. Harmonizing to Sabah ‘s survey ( 1993 ) , kids with disablements have different types of unwanted behaviour forms. This is emphasized by Al-Khateeb ( 2003 ) , who states that pupils with rational disablement form the highest per centum of those who suffered from behaviour jobs, due to their inability to find facets of socially acceptable behaviour ; the deficiency of their lingual abilities which makes them fall back to aggression to show their emotions ; their exposure to legion failure and defeat experiences as a consequence of the environing societal tendencies ; and the nature of their disable ment which frequently makes them unable to find socially acceptable facets of behavior. Al-Rosan ( 2001 ) highlights a figure of common behavioural features that make pupils with rational disablement, physical disablement and ocular damage more apt to behavior jobs than others. The most of import of these features for pupils with rational disablements are the deficiency of the ability to larn, hapless attending and concentration, defeat, feeling of failure, memory loss and the obvious lack in larning transportation. He indicated that pupils with rational disablement besides suffer from the jobs of version in their societal and professional development, an disposition to be isolated from others. As for the physically disabled, their personal qualities are varied harmonizing to the badness of disablement. The feelings of anxiousness, fright, rejection, aggressiveness, invagination and lower status might be among the distinguished features of their behaviours. In add-on to that, these jobs are influenced by others ‘ attitudes and reactions towards their ability to mo bilise. The visually impaired normally suffer from feelings of failure and defeat which consequences in lower academic accomplishment when compared with their equals. However, Salha ‘s ( 2007 ) survey on pupils with visually damages has indicated that they suffer from behavioural and emotional jobs, including chiefly: fright, anxiousness, uncertainty, dependence and aggressiveness. Harmonizing to the survey variables, these jobs appeared among females at higher rates than males and less with the highly handicapped and younger pupils. Other surveies stressed that physical aggressive behaviour is rare among unsighted kids, while verbal aggression prevails among them, particularly with males ( Khudair & A ; Beblawi, 2004 ) . Samreen ( 2003 ) who studied behavior jobs with deaf adult females found that they were more sensitive and embarrassed, which leads to shyness, maintaining off from others, or holding scores against them. Some of them acquire introverted, vindictive and covetous of others, and show marks of crossness and rebelliousness. In another survey conducted by Jaffal ( 1994 ) revealed that pupils with hearing damages showed that backdown and externally directed behaviours are the most outstanding behaviours of pupils with hearing damages. This consequence was similar to Abdullah ‘s survey ( 1983 ) which is indicated that pupils with hearing damages were characterized by aggressiveness, invagination, emotional instability and low societal adulthood. Szakowski & A ; Brubaker ( 2000 ) carried out a survey on parents of pupils with hearing damages aged 3-8 old ages. Consequences indicated that deaf kids harmonizing to their parents suffer from behaviour jobs, chiefly noncompliance to ordinan ces and instructions, though such jobs were non related to inadequate parenting. A recent survey conducted by Totsika et al. , ( 2008 ) to look into behavior jobs with pupils with rational disablement suggested that their behaviour appears at an early phase and continues for life. By following behavior jobs in pupils over 11 old ages, the survey indicated that the most common jobs were terrible physical aggression, self-harm and perennial typicality, while the jobs that appeared during survey old ages were non correlated. Mackenzie-Davis and Mansell ( 2007 ) carried a survey on pupils with rational disablements enduring from behavior jobs in order to find the frequence of those jobs during the past 20 old ages. The survey found out that awaited behaviour jobs identified during the old 20 old ages were still observed. Karen et. Al. ( 2007 ) survey aimed at acknowledging the developmental behaviours of psychological upsets of pupils with, and without, rational disablement. The child behavior list was used for two samples of pupils aged 6-18 old ages. Findingss indicated that pupils with rational disablements showed a higher degree of behavior jobs in assorted ages in comparing with the non-intellectual handicapped. It appeared besides that there were important differences between the two samples in aggressive behaviour and attending jobs. It showed besides that societal jobs among intellectually handicapped males were decreased over clip, and the aggressive behaviour was more frequent among younger pupils than among those who reached 18 year-old. In another survey, Karen et Al. ( 2008 ) investigated the range of continuity of behaviour jobs in pupils with mild rational disablement in contrast with moderate rational disablement, which lasted for 5 old ages. This survey showed that most behavior jobs of pupils with moderate rational disablement had higher degree of steadiness and continuity in contrast to those with mild rational disablement. Hogue et Al. ( 2007 ) conducted a survey on pupils with rational disablements in residential establishments with different degrees of supervising. It was found that pupils enrolled in higher supervising system were extremely rated in physical aggression than those enrolled in lower supervising system, whereas no differences were observed in externally directed behavior jobs such as verbal aggression, noncompliance and hyperactivity. In add-on, pupils enrolled in higher supervising system had significantly higher degrees of autonomous behaviour jobs as anxiousness, depression and self-appreciation. Ross & A ; Cornish ( 2002 ) survey sought to find the rate and stereotyping of behaviours, self-harm and aggressiveness in kids and striplings with Cri du Chat Syndrome. Findingss suggested that 82 % of the instances showed stereotyping behaviours and half of the instances showed it daily. Out of 15 signifiers of self-harm behaviours, it was found that hitting the caput, biting and pigeonholing were most common, while aggressive behaviour was reached at 88 % , with a negative correlativity between age and aggressiveness.MethodologyParticipantsParticipants in the present survey comprise all pupils with disablements enrolled in the five chief rehabilitation centres affiliated to the Ministry of Social Affairs in the United Arab Emirates. These centres are supplying their services for pupils with mild, moderate and terrible disablements, enduring from rational, hearing, physical and ocular disablements. The entire figure of pupils in these centres is 506 male childs and misss aged 5-20 old ages old. All pupils whose parents agreed to take part in the survey were included and considered to be the sample of the survey. Therefore, the survey sample was 297 male childs and misss which represent ( 58 % ) of the entire population. Table No. 1 shows the distribution of participants harmonizing to the survey variables.Table No. 1Distribution of the Sample of the Study Harmonizing to Gender, Age, Type and Severity of DisabilityPercentageNumberGender53.2 %158Male46.8 %139FemalePercentageNumberAge28.3 %84Less than 8 old ages43.4 %1298- 12 old ages28.3 %8413 old ages and morePercentageNumberType of Disability68 %202Intellectual18.9 %56Hearing3.7 %11Ocular9.4 %28PhysicalPercentageNumberBadness of disablement21.2 %63Mild29 %86Moderate49.8 %148Severe100 %297EntireInstrumentThe research workers developed a questionnaire of all behaviour jobs that may be exhibited by pupils with disablements to be filled by the societal workers and psychologists for each pupil based on his/her por tfolio and audiences with parents. The societal workers and psychologists were asked to place the frequence of any behaviour job undergone by each pupil which needs an intercession through a behavior alteration plan, or educational and psychological Sessionss for either the pupil or his/her household. Validity and dependability of the instrument were insured through content cogency where 10 module members from Particular Education Department and Psychology Department at the UAE University were consulted to do certain of the rightness of the linguistic communication of the instrument every bit good as its inclusiveness of all possible behavioural jobs. Their responses were analyzed and so some points were amended in conformity with their positions in instance seven of them reached consensus on a specific point. As for the instrument dependability, internal consistence was employed to find its dependability, which was 0.91.ProceduresAfter guaranting the cogency and dependability of th e survey instrument, the research workers took the necessary processs in order to administrate it to the survey sample. In the same context, the undermentioned processs were taken: Written consents from all parties involved in the survey were guaranteed: decision makers of the rehabilitation centres, societal workers, psychologists and parents. Social workers and psychologists were trained to make full in the survey instrument by citing to each pupil portfolio which includes all necessary intercession plans and services. In add-on, parents of each kid were interviewed to verify the portfolio information every bit good as sing their positions in respect to each behavioral job. The informations were classified, coded and entered into computing machines, so treated statistically by utilizing the plan of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) which was performed by acquiring the per centums of the frequences of responses of the survey sample, and Chi Square Test.Consequences and DiscussionThe First Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to gender. Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 2 indicates that there are important differences inTable No. 2Chi Square Test of Behavioral Problems Differences Harmonizing to GenderSign. df Person Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Behavior jobs 0.000* 14 64.644 Female Male Female Male Female Male 19.4 19.4- 35.6 40.4 55 21 No jobs 2.6- 2.6 20.6 23.4 18 26 Anxiety 6.6- 6.6 12.6 14.4 6 21 Aggression 2.7- 2.7 3.7 4.3 1 7 Emotional droop 1.1 1.1- 0.9 1.1 2 0 Impudence 8.4- 8.4 16.4 18.6 8 27 Stubbornness 0.8- 0.8 2.8 3.2 2 4 Liing 1.4- 1.4 9.4 10.6 8 12 Phobia 2.6 2.6- 8.4 9.6 11 7 Isolation 8.4 8.4- 12.6 14.4 21 6 Shyness 5.7- 5.7 11.7 13.3 6 19 Hyperactivity 0.5- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1 Steeling 1.4- 1.4 1.4 1.6 1 3 Bedwetting 0.4- 0.4 1.4 1.6 1 2 Nail-biting 0.9- 0.9 0.9 1.1 0 2 Sucking fingers 139 158 Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) behaviour jobs exhibited by pupils with disablements in relation to their gender. It has been found that behaviour job is more common among males than females, and that the difference between the ascertained and expected values was 19.4 among females with no behaviour jobs, which is a important value. This consequence is in struggle with Salha ‘s survey ( 2007 ) carried out on pupils with ocular disablements which indicated that behavior jobs among females are higher than males. To verify the consequence of this survey, Odds Ratio were calculated and exceeds above one ( 1.936 ) which means that there are differences among pupils with disablements in relation to behavioral jobs. In add-on, Risk Ratio were besides calculated exceeds besides one ( 1.365 ) which means male pupils exhibits more behavioural jobs comparing to female pupils. The above tabular array shows that the most common behaviour jobs among males are: stubbornness, aggression and hyperactivity where the differences between the ascertained value and expected one amounted to 8.4, 6.6, 5.7 severally, which are important different. This consequence is in understanding with Al-Zarad ‘s survey ( 2001 ) , which indicated that the per centum of prevalence of attending shortage and hyperactivity sums to about 10 % of the sample of the survey, and that the per centum of male pupils enduring from this job is ternary than female pupils. This survey besides found out that the most common behaviour job among females is shyness, with a difference of 8.4 between the ascertained and expected value. This consequence is in understanding with Samreen ( 2003 ) which indicated that deaf adult females are more sensitive and embarrassed with their disablements which leads to shyness and withdrawal. This consequence may be due to the fact that females in oriental soci eties tend to be diffident and they are non provided with the same chances given to males.The Second Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to their age. Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 3 indicates that there are important differences betweenTable No. 3Chi Square Test of Behavioral Problems Differences Harmonizing to AgeBehavior jobs Observed Value Expected Value Residual Person Chi-square df Sign Less than 8 8-12 13 & A ; over Less than 8 8-12 13 & A ; over Less than 8 8-12 13 & A ; over 211.74 28 0.000* No jobs 42 22 12 21.5 33 21.5 20.5 11- 9.5- Anxiety 0 8 36 12.4 19.1 12.4 12.4- 19.1 12.4 Aggression 2 22 3 6.7 11.7 7.7 5.6- 10.3 4.6- Emotional droop 0 1 7 2.3 3.5 2.3 2.3- 2.5- 4.7 Electric resistance 0 0 2 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.6- 0.9- 1.4 Stubbornness 3 25 7 9.9 15.2 9.9 6.9- 9.8 2.9- Liing 0 0 6 1.7 2.6 1.7 1.7- 2.6- 4.3 Phobia 13 6 1 5.7 8.7 5.7 7.3 2.7- 4.7- Isolation 0 16 2 5.1 7.8 5.1 5.1- 8.2 3.1- Shyness 15 9 3 7.6 11.7 7.6 7.4 2.7- 4.6- Hyperactive 5 16 4 7.1 10.9 7.1 2.1- 5.1 3.1- Steeling 0 0 1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3- 0.4- 0.7 Bedwetting 2 1 0 0.8 1.3 0.8 1.2 0.3- 0.8- Nail-biting 0 3 0 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.8- 1.7 0.8- Sucking Fingers 2 0 0 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.9- 0.6- Entire 84 129 84 * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) behaviour jobs harmonizing to the age of the sample of the survey, in favour of pupils aged 8 old ages and supra. This is in contrast to those pupils aged below 8 old ages among whom behaviour jobs are non important since the difference between the ascertained and expected value among them was 20.5. This consequence is in struggle with Karen ‘s et. Al. ( 2007 ) , which concluded that behavior jobs among intellectually handicapped males lessening over clip. The ground for such struggle may be due to restricting Karen ‘s et. Al survey to lone pupils with rational disablement. The above tabular array besides indicates that anxiousness is the most common job among those pupils aged 13 old ages old and above, the difference between the ascertained and expected value is 12.4. This may be due to that pupil reached the adolescence phase and the related alterations that may find their hereafter individuality. It besides indicates that the most common behaviour jobs among pupils aged 8-12 old ages old are anxiousness, followed by aggression, stubbornness so isolation, with fluctuations of 19.1, 10.3, 9.8, 8.2 severally between observed and expected values. Furthermore, the survey find that the most common behaviour jobs among pupils who are less than 8 old ages old are shyness and phobia, with a difference of 7.4, 7.3 severally between observed and expected values. This may be due to the insufficient development of societal communicating accomplishments at this phase and non-adaptation to disablement.The Third Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to the type of disablement. Person Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 4 indicate that there are important differences between behaviour jobs ensuing from the type of disablement.Table No. 4Person Chi-Square Correlation between Behavioral Problems and the Type of DisabilityValue df Sign. Person Chi- Square 72.446 42 0.002* * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) In order to do certain the favour of these differences between disablements are, and how far behavior jobs are common in each type of disablement, Chi-Squared Test was used and consequences are illustrated in tabular arraies 5, 6, 7 & A ; 8.Table No. 5Chi-Square Test for Students with Intellectual Disability Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.000* 13 158.257 29.6 14.4 44 21.8 % No jobs 18.6 14.4 33 16.3 % Anxiety 8.6 14.4 23 11.4 % Aggression 6.4- 14.4 8 4.0 % Emotional droop 12.4- 14.4 2 1.0 % Impudence 13.6 14.4 28 13.9 % Stubbornness 9.4- 14.4 5 2.5 % Liing 2.4- 14.4 12 5.9 % Phobia 4.4- 14.4 10 5.0 % Isolation 0.6 14.4 15 7.4 % Shyness 2.6 14.4 17 8.4 % Hyperactive 13.4- 14.4 1 0.5 % Steeling 12.4- 14.4 2 1.0 % Bedwetting 12.4- 14.4 2 1.0 % Nail-biting 202 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No.5 ) shows that there are important differences in the extent of prevalence of behaviour jobs, harmonizing to the type of the job. The survey found that the bulk of intellectually handicapped pupils face behavior jobs at a per centum of 78.2 % . It besides shows that merely 21.8 of them have no behaviour jobs, and that anxiousness is most common among pupils with rational disablement at a per centum of 16.3 % , followed by stubbornness at a per centum of 13.9 % , so aggression at per centum of 11.4 % , which are all at a important degree. This consequence is in understanding with the survey of Totsika et Al. ( 2008 ) , which suggested that aggression is the most common job in this group. However, it is in struggle with the survey of Ross & A ; Cornish ( 2002 ) in that aggressive behaviour reached a per centum of 88 % , due to restricting itself to Cri du Chat Syndrome. The ground for the high rate of behavior jobs among pupils with rational disablement may be due to unrest, non-adaptation to disablement, worrying about confronting society and its demands that imposed on them, disposition to self-assertion through stubborn behaviour, and deficiency of verbal ability to show their demands, which force them to fall back to aggression.Table No. 6Chi-Square Test for Students with Hearing Impaired Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.000* 8 43.00 13.8 6.2 20 35.7 % No Problems 0.2- 6.2 6 10.7 % Anxiety 3.2- 6.2 3 5.4 % Aggression 1.2- 6.2 5 8.9 % Stubbornness 5.2- 6.2 1 1.8 % Phobia 2.2- 6.2 4 7.1 % Isolation 1.8 6.2 8 14.3 % Shyness 1.8 6.2 8 14.3 % Hyperactive 5.2- 6.2 1 1.8 % Nail-biting 56 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No. 6 ) shows that there are important differences in the extent of prevalence of behavior jobs among pupils with hearing damages. 64.3 % of those pupils who were subjected to the survey were enduring from behavior jobs, the most common of which were hyperactivity ( 14.3 % ) , shyness ( 14.3 % ) and anxiousness ( 10.7 % ) . This may be attributed to the inability of pupils with hearing damages to pass on with others who do non demo any mark of understanding and credence. This consequence is in understanding with Jaffal ‘s survey ( 1994 ) , which suggested that backdown and externally directed behaviour are the most celebrated behaviour jobs for pupils with hearing damages, and besides with Al-Sabah survey ( 1993 ) , which indicated that those pupils are introverted.Table No. 7Chi-Square Test for Students with Ocular Damages Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.589 5 3.727 0.2 1.8 2 18.2 % No Problems 0.2 1.8 2 18.2 % Anxiety 0.8- 1.8 1 9.1 % Aggression 0.8 1.8 1 9.1 % Stubbornness 2.2 1.8 4 36.4 % Phobia 0.8- 1.8 1 9.1 % Shyness 11 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No. 7 ) shows that there are no important differences in behavior jobs among pupils with ocular damages. The per centums for those who do non endure from behavior jobs are 18.2 % . This may be due to the restriction of the figure of the pupils with ocular damages included in the sample of this survey since their figure is originally limited in the centres under survey. However, this consequence is in understanding with Salha ‘s survey ( 2007 ) , which indicated that there are behavioural and emotional jobs among pupils with ocular damages, chiefly phobic disorder and anxiousness.Table No. 8Chi-Square Test for Students with Physical Disabilities Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.010* 8 20.214 6.9 3.1 10 35.7 % No Problems 0.1- 3.1 3 10.7 % Anxiety 2.1- 3.1 1 3.6 % Stubbornness 2.1- 3.1 1 % 3.6 Liing 0.1- 3.1 3 10.7 % Phobia 0.9- 3.1 4 14.3 % Isolation 0.1- 3.1 3 10.7 % Shyness 2.1- 3.1 1 3.6 % Bedwetting 1.1- 3.1 2 7.1 % Sucking fingers 28 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No.8 ) shows that there are important differences in the extent of prevalence of behavior jobs among pupils with physical disablements. It shows that 35.7 % of them have no behaviour jobs. It besides shows that the most common behaviour jobs among pupils with physical disablements are isolation at per centum of 14.3, so anxiousness, phobic disorder and shyness at per centum of 10.7 for each, yet such per centums are non important because the difference between the ascertained and expected value is negative ( -0.9 ; and -0.1 ) . In decision, tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 showed that the rate of pupils with ocular damage who do non endure from any behavior jobs is 18.2 % , while it is 21.8 % among pupils with rational disablements, 35.7 among pupils with physical disablements, and 35.7 among pupils with hearing damages. These consequences show that pupils ocular damages face more behavior jobs, followed by pupils with the rational disablements. This is due to the fact that the figure of the pupils with ocular damages subjected to the survey was 11 merely, contrary to the pupils with rational disablement who were 202. In add-on, it may be due to the fact that pupils with rational disablement face many behavior jobs may be due to their low mental abilities and adaptability, which make them less able to cover with stimulations around them and causes them to respond in a mode that is inconsistent with the predominating social civilization. This consequence is in conformity with Al-Khateeb survey ( 2003 ) .The Fourth Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to the badness of disablement. Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 9 shows that there are importantTable No. 9Chi-Square Test of Behavioral Problems Differences Harmonizing to the Severity of DisabilityBehavior jobs Observed Value Expected Value Residual Person Chi-square df Sign Mild Mode-rate Sever Mild Mode-rate Sever Mild Mode-rate Sever 133.37 28 0.000* No Problems 40 24 12 16.1 22 37.9 23.9 2 25.9- Anxiety 5 14 25 9.3 12.7 21.9 4.3- 3.0 3.1 Aggression 4 8 15 5.7 7.8 13.5 1.7- 0.2 1.5 Emotional droop 2 4 2 1.7 2.3 4 0.3 1.7 2- Impudence 1 0 1 0.4 0.6 1 0.6 0.6- 0 Stubbornness 3 7 25 7.4 10.1 17.4 4.4- 3.1- 7.6 Liing 6 0 0 1.3 1.7 3 4.7 1.7- 3.0- Phobia 0 5 15 4.2 5.8 10 4.2- 0.8- 5 Isolation 1 8 9 3.8 5.2 9 2.8- 2.8 0 Shyness 0 11 16 5.7 7.8 13.5 5.7- 4.2- 9.5 Hyperactive 1 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3- 0.5- Steeling 1 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.5 .8 0.3- 0.5- Bedwetting 0 0 3 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.6- 0.9- 1.5 Nail-biting 0 2 1 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.6- 1.1 0.5- Sucking fingers 0 0 2 0.4 0.6 1 0.4- 0.6- 1 Entire 63 86 148 * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) differences in the extent of prevalence of behaviour jobs harmonizing to the badness of disablement. The more terrible the disablement, the more behavior jobs occurs. This consequence is in understanding with Salha ‘s survey ( 2007 ) . It is besides found that lying is the most common behaviour job among pupils with mild disablements, with a difference of 4.7 between the ascertained and expected value. Researchers attribute this to the fact that those pupils have certain consciousness and ability of some use. Anxiety appeared as the most prevalence behaviour job among pupils with moderate disablements, with a difference of 3.0 between the ascertained and expected value. This is due to cut down physical and centripetal abilities among them, which makes them more disquieted in their communicating with society and more concerned about their hereafter. It is besides found that the most common behaviour job among the pupils with terrible disablements is shyness, with a difference of 9.5 between the ascertained and expected value, and stubbornness with a difference of 7.6. This may be due to the fact that they are inclined non to look in public or acquire involved in many activities because of their reduced abilities since they are ashamed of their status and hence chorus from demoing their abilities to others. In decision, the survey confirms that male pupils face more behavioural jobs comparing to female pupils. These jobs appear to be more intensified harmonizing to the badness of the disablement and aging advancement. In add-on, pupils with rational disablements exhibit more behavioural jobs comparing to other classs. Based on the consequences of this survey, it is recommended that rehabilitation centres should pay more attending to the followers: Provide appropriate behavior alteration plan to pupils with rational disablements, since they are the bulk of those with enduring from behavior jobs. Develop psychological and societal plans for pupils with terrible disablements to advance their version and communicating accomplishments. Support female disabled pupils psychologically, emotionally and socially, in order to raise their assurance to take part in societal activities. Provide showing services to observe early initial indexs of behaviour jobs in order to work out them before they exacerbate and affect other developmental facets. Provide plans that help pupils with disablements to be cognizant of their abilities, and direct them to the hereafter based on those abilities. This will cut down their anxiousness ensuing from experiencing inefficient.

World War I Flying Ace Rene Fonck

World War I Flying Ace Rene Fonck Colonel Rene Fonck was the top-scoring Allied fighter ace of World War I. Scoring his first victory in August 1916, he went on to down 75 German aircraft during the course of the conflict. After World War I, Fonck later returned to the military and served until 1939. Dates:  March 27, 1894 –  June 18, 1953   Early Life Born on March 27, 1894, Renà © Fonck was raised in the village of Saulcy-sur-Meurthe in the mountainous Vosges region of France. Educated locally, he had an interest in aviation as a youngster. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Fonck received conscription papers on August 22. Despite his earlier fascination with aircraft, he elected not to take an assignment in the air service and, instead, joined the combat engineers. Operating along the Western Front, Fonck constructed fortifications and repaired infrastructure. Though a skilled engineer, he reconsidered in early 1915 and volunteered for flight training. Learning to Fly Ordered to Saint-Cyr, Fonck commenced basic flight instruction before moving to more advanced training at Le Crotoy. Progressing through the program, he earned his wings in May 1915 and was assigned to Escadrille C 47 at Corcieux. Serving as an observation pilot, Fonck initially flew the ungainly Caudron G III. In this role, he performed well and was mentioned in dispatches twice. Flying in July 1916, Fonck downed his first German aircraft. Despite this triumph, he did not receive credit as the kill went unconfirmed. The following month, on August 6, Fonck achieved his first credited kill when he used a series of maneuvers to force a German Rumpler C.III to land behind French lines. Becoming a Fighter Pilot For Foncks actions on August 6, he received the Medaille Militaire the following year. Continuing observation duties, Fonck scored another kill on March 17, 1917. A highly veteran pilot, Fonck was asked to join the elite Escadrille les Cigognes (The Storks) on April 15. Accepting, he commenced fighter training and learned to fly the SPAD S.VII. Flying with les Cigognes Escadrille S.103, Fonck soon proved to be a lethal pilot and achieved ace status in May. As the summer progressed, his score continued to increase despite taking leave in July. Having learned from his earlier experiences, Fonck was always concerned about proving his kill claims. On September 14, he went to the extreme of retrieving the barograph of an observation aircraft he downed to prove his version of events. A ruthless hunter in the air, Fonck preferred to avoid dogfighting and stalked his prey for prolonged periods before striking quickly. A gifted marksman, he often downed German aircraft with extremely short bursts of machine gun fire. Understanding the value of enemy observation aircraft and their role as artillery spotters, Fonck focused his attention on hunting and eliminating them from the skies. Allied Ace of Aces During this period, Fonck, like Frances leading ace, Captain Georges Guynemer, began flying the limited production SPAD S.XII. Largely similar to the SPAD S.VII, this aircraft featured a hand-loaded 37mm Puteaux cannon firing through the propeller boss. Though an unwieldy weapon, Fonck claimed 11 kills with the cannon. He continued with this aircraft until transitioning to the more powerful SPAD S.XIII. Following Guynemers death on September 11, 1917, the Germans claimed that the French ace had been shot down by Lieutenant Kurt Wisseman. On the 30th, Fonck downed a German aircraft which was found to have been flown by a Kurt Wisseman. Learning this, he boasted that he had become the tool of retribution. Subsequent research has shown the aircraft downed by Fonck was most likely flown by a different Wisseman. Despite poor weather in October, Fonck claimed 10 kills (4 confirmed) in only 13 hours of flying time. Taking leave in December to be married, his total stood at 19 and he received the Là ©gion dhonneur. Resuming flying on January 19, Fonck scored two confirmed kills. Adding another 15 to his tally through April, he then embarked on a remarkable May. Goaded by a bet with squadron mates Frank Baylies and Edwin C. Parsons, Fonck downed six German aircraft in a three-hour span on May 9. The next several weeks saw the Frenchmen rapidly build his total and, by July 18, he had tied Guynemers record of 53. Passing his fallen comrade the next day, Fonck reached 60 by the end of August. Continuing to have success in September, he repeated his feat of downing six in one day, including two Fokker D.VII fighters, on the 26th. The final weeks of the conflict saw Fonck overtake leading Allied ace Major William Bishop. Scoring his final victory on November 1, his total finished at 75 confirmed kills (he submitted claims for 142) making him the Allied Ace of Aces. Despite his stunning success in the air, Fonck was never embraced by the public in the same way as Guynemer. Possessing a withdrawn personality, he seldom socialized with other pilots and instead preferred to focus on improving his aircraft and planning tactics. When Fonck did socialize, he proved to be an arrogant egotist. His friend Lieutenant Marcel Haegelen stated that though a slashing rapier in the sky, on the ground Fonck was a tiresome braggart, and even a bore. Postwar Leaving the service after the war, Fonck took time to write his memoirs. Published in 1920, they were prefaced by Marshal Ferdinand Foch. He also was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1919. He remained in this position until 1924 as a representative for Vosges. Continuing to fly, he performed as a racing and demonstration pilot. During the 1920s, Fonck worked with Igor Sikorsky in an attempt to win the Orteig Prize for the first nonstop flight between New York and Paris. On September 21, 1926, he attempted the flight in a modified Sikorsky S-35 but crashed on takeoff after one of the landing gears collapsed. The prize was won the following year by Charles Lindbergh. As the interwar years passed, Foncks popularity fell as his abrasive personality soured his relationship with the media. Returning to the military in 1936, Fonck received the rank of lieutenant colonel and later served as Inspector of Pursuit Aviation. Retiring in 1939, he was later drawn into the Vichy government by Marshal Philippe Petain during World War II. This was largely due to Petains desire to utilize Foncks aviation connections to Luftwaffe leaders Hermann Gà ¶ring and Ernst Udet. The aces reputation was damaged in August 1940, when a spurious report was issued stating that he had recruited 200 French pilots for the Luftwaffe. Eventually escaping Vichy service, Fonck returned to Paris where he was arrested by the Gestapo and held at the Drancy internment camp. With the end of World War II, an inquiry cleared Fonck of any charges pertaining to collaboration with the Nazis and he was later awarded the Certificate of Resistance. Remaining in Paris, Fonck died suddenly on June 18, 1953. His remains were buried in his native village of Saulcy-sur-Meurthe. Selected Sources First World War: Rene FonckAce Pilots: Rene FonckThe Aerodrome: Rene Fonck

Despite widespread interest their activities, pressure groups rarely have any significant influence over government policy Essays

Despite widespread interest their activities, pressure groups rarely have any significant influence over government policy Essays Despite widespread interest their activities, pressure groups rarely have any significant influence over government policy Essay Despite widespread interest their activities, pressure groups rarely have any significant influence over government policy Essay as, outsider groups obtain popularity on many occasions such as, Stop the War protest in 2003 but the government claimed that the protest was not representative of the public opinion even though it had thirty million supporters, and even though the group achieved popularity it failed to achieve its aims.There are certain factors which affect a pressure groups success, this is why some pressure groups are more successful than others. The factors include group aims, status, public mood and methodology. The group aims of a group are very important in determining whether the group will be successful,sometimes, pressure groups have important aims but they dont fit in with the mood of the public, resulting in the gaining of no or little support. Outsider groups have limited resources and less chance of success when compared to insider groups but this is not always the case as in 1997 the outsider group Snowdrop proved to achieve it s aims and influence the government policy. The group had the aim to ban hand guns and the public reaction to the High School Massacre in 1996 encouraged the public to support the Snowdrop Campaign,this made their aims achievable. The sympathetic reaction of the public towards the victims supported the Snowdrop campaign and encouraged the government to pass the Amendment Act in 97.Group status, resources and methodology of a group are a very important factor to a groups success. Insider groups have a higher status when compared to outsider groups and this increases the groups chances of success. For example the BMA British Medical Association is a core insider group which lobbies the government and has much higher status than fathers4Justice as they have limited finance and their extreme direct actions have gained them a lower status. Often insider groups have unseen influence as they dont use direct actions and their actions are much more private. It appears that it is only outside r groups who choose or have no other option but to campaign more directly via the media and who raise their aims but dontalways achieve any significant influence on government policy. When comparing the successes and failures of outsider group, there have only been a few successful outsider groups which have used direct action and have lead to some influence on government policies, most of the outsider groups raise popularity and awareness but fail to influence policies. Whereas many insider groups have influenced the parliament legislature. Core insider groups tend to stay off media publicity, but still achieve significant influence on government policy. As professor Wyn Grant said : Protective groups versus promotional have greater chances of success, there tends to be an assumption that the direct action used by promotional groups distance them from the government and their chance of prosperityWhen referring to lobbying, there have been many successful insider groups which have achieved their aims and influenced policy through the process of lobbying. An example of this is the BMA which supported public health initiatives and encouraged the passing of the new law which banned smoking in public places. Linking on to this the national charity Shelter campaign which aimed to end homelessness had individuals lobbying the government and was involved in drawing up the Homeless act in 2002. Whilst the BMA and Shelter showed to be successful, The Stop The War Campaign failed to influence the government policy. Although the protest of the Stop The War Campaign was unsuccessful in achieving its aims other protests such as the anti-roads protests, the campaign against live animal exports and the campaigns such as Fathers4Justice and environmental groups like PlaceStupid have all shown to have effect on policies and public opinion.The insider group Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) lobbies the government just like the BMA and have been act ively involved in influencing the government policies. In 1911 the Parliament passed Sir Greenwoods Animal Protection Act and in 2006 the parliament passed the Animal Welfare Act. A successful outsider group has been the Fathers4Justice like mentioned above fathers4Justice have a lower status and have limited finance, however, this didnt limit them from encouraging public awareness and gaining support to achieve their aims. In March 2005 the group gained a lot of media coverage when they decided to dress up as superheroes at the Foreign Office Balcony looking over Downing Street. This form of direct action gained a lot of publicity and public support, they influenced the governments actions as the government had to do something about their cause as their cause had gained too much media coverage. In 2006 the Court of Appeal set a law allowing adults to discuss secret cases after they had finished.On the contrary there have been some groups which have failed to achieve their aims but have achieved to influence the public opinion and have achieved to gain popularity such as the Stop the War campaign, Outrage, the Suffragettes and Fawcett Society. All of the groups are outsider groups and Outrage and Suffragettes have used extreme direct action, they have gained popularity and supporters but have failed to achieve their main aims and some of the members have been arrested. The use of Outrages direct action in 2009 resulted in the arrest of the members of the group. The Fawcett Society failed to achieve its aim to achieve its aims of women’s representation in politics and public life; pay, pensions and poverty as women are still getting paid less than men.In conclusion there are more examples of insider groups being successful in influencing the governments policies and they have influenced the governments policy more regularly. Compared to insider groups, outsider groups have had more media coverage and this has shown to help them in achieving their aims as the media has contributed to changes in policies, the work of Greenpeace and Plane Stupid contributed to the third runway at Heathrow Airport. Outsider groups have had some success in influencing government policy but it has been more rare and this can be due to their lack of consultation by government and lack of access to the governments corridors. Overall both insider and outsider pressure groups have a significant impact on government policy and it has been presented on a regular basis.

Cash Transfer Benefits

Cash Transfer Benefits Cash Transfers in Sum Cash transfers fit into the development measures by being a branch of social protection. Social protection is a set of policies, programs, and agendas that seek to remedy a problem such as insecurity and risk. They are associated with people who cannot get their needs met in typical programs associated with the labor market; in other words, they cater to the most vulnerable people. Cash transfers function in such a way that the state gives money to the poor on a regular basis, with or without conditions. The methods of cash transfers slightly differ for each country. (Hanlon, 3). In addition to this, cash transfers can either be given in the form of legitimate cash/food stamps or ‘in-kind’ things. There are advantages and disadvantages to both, which I will discuss later on. Both cash transfers and conditional cash transfers (CCTs) exist. Cash transfers function without conditions or contingencies and, on the contrary, CCTs involve conditions that the receiver must abide by in order to receive money. An example of this would be: a poor mother receives a monthly amount of money on the condition that she regularly takes her child to the doctor. CCTs are targeted programs that are primarily concerned with children’s health and education. They also only grant money to individuals who don’t make enough income to support themselves. How cash transfers trump previous development paradigms While previous development paradigms thrive in a number of developmental aspects, they also fail in other areas that cash transfers seek to remedy. Firstly, ‘development’ tends to leave out the poorest of the poor and neglect the most vulnerable sectors. James Furguson states, â€Å"Under such circumstances, it has become more and more difficult to argue that the value produced at the region’s industrial centers is generated by the suffering of those at its periphery; instead, the suffering of the poor and marginalized appears as functionally isolated from a production system that simply no longer has any use for them† (Ferguson, 11). In an attempt to help these individuals who tend to be ‘left out’ of previous development paradigms, conditional cash transfers â€Å"promote the inclusion of ‘the most vulnerable sectors’ of society† (Spronk, 21). Secondly, previous development paradigms are highly focused on production as the best way to develop. To challenge this and to bring morals back into the system, cash transfers are highly focused on distribution. Why? Because ‘development as production’ can easily make the producers be understood as commodity-makers instead of real individuals, where ‘development as distribution’ does the reverse. In addition, James Ferguson believes that the world is at a place today that the distribution approach would make more sense. His ‘politics of distribution’ â€Å"involves new ways of thinking about a range of things that includes labor, unemployment, the family, and the meaning of ‘social’ payments (Ferguson, 10). Thirdly, previous development paradigms do little to help individuals cope with the harsh impacts of structural adjustment. Cash transfers, on the other hand, provide a lengthy amount of time where money is regularly given to the poor. This helps them cope with the impacts of structural adjustment programs much more than the previous development paradigms have in the past. Not only this, but cash transfers help individuals cope with other unexpected things, too. UKaid provides an example, stating, â€Å"In Lebanon, while UNHCR provided cash to Syrian refugees to cope with the harsh winter conditions as an alternative to ‘winterisation kits,’ most directed their additional income towards food and water† (UKaid). UKaid then comments on this, stating that â€Å"it is not that they did not need fuel it was that they needed other things more† (UKaid). This sheds light on the fact that â€Å"the element of choice is critical† (UKaid). In addition, the expenses involved in previous development paradigms are astronomical compared to cash transfer programs. Susan Spronk and Melisa Handi in No Strings Attached state that â€Å"One of the reasons CCTs are so popular is that they deliver results at a relatively low cost. Compared to the expenses involved in establishing universal, quality health care and education systems which in most of the Global South would entail massive public investment CCTs are almost free† (Spronk, 22). It makes sense for a health and need-based system that is catered to the poor to be cost-efficient. To continue, previous development paradigms have the tendency to make the poor be part of the capitalist system where Westerners become wealthier from the poor being poor. Structural adjustment programs are notorious for doing just this. The poor are indebted to Western countries, and therefore are placed within programs that, more times than few, trap them within the system. They remain poor and as slave-figures to the wealthy, creating goods that the wealthy benefit from and that the poor do not. It is a vicious cycle that the poor, who are embedded within these structural adjustment programs, are unable to escape from. Cash transfers, on the other hand, do not embed the poor in a system that they are unable to get out of. Cash transfers strive to bring the poor out of poverty without the desire to make Westerners wealthier in the process. Cash transfers also meet a more diverse set of needs that hard-structured paradigms fail to acknowledge, (UKaid). Because they are structured in such a way that the individual can use the money how he/she wishes based on what he/she believes is the most mindful and need-based way to spend it the individual is getting his/her needs fulfilled much more than if that individual were to be shoved into an already-structured system that was not build around her specific, personal needs but the entire population’s general needs. Cash transfers are more individual-specific, which means that the plans are catered to the individual’s needs instead of what the program assumes are his/her individual needs. Other health programs that are more rigidly organized assume that the individual can easily fit into its previously-established structure, which is not always the case. Development paradigms, such as microfinance, can have the ability to benefit poor borrowers in certain situations, however do not make the poor countries richer; there is not a large long-term benefit for the country, itself. Therefore individuals and the countries they inhabit are stuck in this microfinance system with no greater vision for the future. With cash transfers, however, the individuals ideally open up bank accounts, begin to establish businesses, and input their money into the economy on a regular basis by purchasing medicines, food supplies, and more. The cash transfer system helps the country’s economy and increases its wealth and independence in the long-run, as well as short-term. To what extent do cash transfers succeed? Cash transfers succeed to the extent that the individual receiving the cash transfers can manage his/her money well. There are, indeed, situations where the individual fails to successfully manage his/her money; however there are also situations where the individual can manage his/her money well enough to improve his/her life and even save a small amount each month. UKaid and the Center for Global Development’s study on cash transfers states that cash transfers are a â€Å"highly effective way to reduce suffering and to make limited humanitarian aid budgets go further, as well as can more broadly reform the humanitarian system so that aid providers of the future can work in a more complementary way to maximise their impact† (UKaid). How do cash transfers succeed? According to a film by Juhi Bhatt and Alok Verma on the effects of cash transfers in India, cash transfers have a positive impact on nutrition, medical care, education, infrastructure and housing, and the economy. Cash transfers allowed Indian families to increase their spending on healthy foods, go to the hospital when ill and buy medicines regularly, neatly dress their children and provide them with education on a regular-basis, have access to clean water, paved roads, proper draining, and working amenities, and save their small surplus monetary amounts in banks. (Guy Standing: Cash Transfer in India [EN Subs]) Because of increased sanitation, access to healthier, substantial foods, and the ability to regularly purchase medicines, illnesses are less common. Because kids do not have to work in agriculture, but instead can attend schooling, their futures appear brighter and enthusiasm about education is greater. And because they have a small amount of surplus money that they use to s ave in bank accounts, they are able to become more independent as time progresses. India’s economy benefits just as much as the individuals supporting it do. Of course we cannot assume that every country or individual who receives cash transfers will turn out exactly as India does, but India nonetheless seems to be a country where cash transfers are able to succeed. Key debates surrounding social protection programs Today there are many key debates that encompass social protection programs that one must consider in discussing cash transfers. Firstly, there is: targeted vs. universal. This raises the question: Does everyone get money or only some people? Some individuals could believe that targeting people is better because it is a better use of the money. However, those who fall just above the cut-off line of who qualifies are critical of this because they do not receive money. Secondly, there is: conditional vs. unconditional. Is it better to have conditions and contingencies associated with money? Will people spend their money more wisely if there are conditions? Or is this controlling, and should people be able to do what they wish with their money? Some individuals fear that the poor would only spend their money in short-term investments, and therefore would not set themselves up for a better long-term future. Others believe that no one knows what the poor needs besides the poor, and therefore it would be wiser to trust the poor that they will spend their money on things they believe they need. There is much debate between which is better: CCTs or unconditional cash transfers. And indeed there is more contestation over unconditional cash transfers. Thirdly, there is: markets vs. states, which raises the question: Should state or market take on people’s social protection? There is much contestation surrounding this, as well. In addition, cash vs. in-kind/things is highly debated. Cash takes on the form of money or food stamps; in-kind takes on the form of items such as fuel, rice, etc. The argument in favor for cash is that it gives people more opportunity to succeed. The argument in favor for in-kind things is that, as much as cash gives people more opportunity to succeed it also gives people just as much opportunity to fail. In addition, people don’t always spend money on what they need so cash transfers give them what they need. Also, in-kind things do not associate with inflation. In this sense, in-kind things are more stable, predictable, and reliable.