Inventory Systems Summary Essay

AbstractTo be masteryful in todays business environment, an scheme mustiness be able to perform certain fundamentals accurately and efficiently. bingle of these elements is having an effective and efficient Inventory System Management (ISM). ISM enables unmatched to make the humpledge of where his or her inscription is at every pace of the way. This allows one to best(p) interact with consumer and make sales. Choosing the right ISM tin weed lead and pave the ground work for future business success and profitability.Inventory System SummaryThe purpose of this group assignment is to join forces as a team to compargon various p arntage systems and severalize the advantage and disadvantages of each system in comparison to the other(a)s. Management of scroll is important to any business that unavoidablenesss to succeed. Companies leverage breed systems to help palm the arsenal of an organization. Team A reviewed the following companies and their origin steering pro grams outgo sully, , and . This Inventory System Summary includes a description of the chosen companies and their scroll systems, and a comparison describing the advantages and disadvantages of each system. take up Buy outflank Buy is the largest consumer electronics store in the gentleman. Each year it increases its presence in the market place share and distances itself fromothers in the industry. Best Buy is headquartered in the Twin cities field of Minnesota, where it handles all main business functions and the leadership that manages its 180,000 employees and 4,000 stores across the globe (Best Buy, 2010). During the preliminary fiscal year, Best Buy accumulated nearly 50 one thousand thousand in revenues and 2.2 billion in operating revenue. They also reported that they have got 18.3 billion in total assets and 6.3 billion in total equity.Best Buy has a large array of merchandise including consumer and commercial furniture, smallish and major appliances, and a wide assortment of consumer electronics. They also poke out an increasingly large list of service. These operate include Geek Squad calculator serve, Best Buy for Business commercial services, and many other services intentional specifically for the end user. They operate stores in many countries across the world however they also operate their lodge online. From their website, Bestbuy.com, many of their wares and services can be ordered and set up for delivery.The different types of convergences and services Best Buy offers in addition to the different options available to purchase and receive their merchandise makes Best Buy a very tight company to maintain. They are no-hit because of the time and gold put into their breed systems. To maintain continuity across the board for all of their partner companies and different store brands they operate , Best Buy uses a similar farm animal anxiety system that allows them to track inventory, along with a transaction attention sy stem that instantly adjusts and updates the world wide inventory both in warehouses and within each store.Most products that Best Buy sales are shipped directly from the manu eventurer to the many warehouses and distribution centers across the US and the world where the stores and online sales can pull and ship directly from. One revision that Best Buy has gone through the past five eld is a switch to a partially vendor based management system. With this new system, Best Buy willing limit the vendors and distributers that they purchase from, and will relinquish some of their inventory control everywhere to them. The innovation created by this new system allows vendors to monitor inventory levels and toship and replenish product as levels get low.Some of the advantages of this system are the advantage of directly supplying to the customer from vendor, which cuts the delivery time shorter, availability of the product, ability to offer products at a lower price compared to Best Bu ys competitors, and the flexibility to further develop other areas of their business. Some of the disadvantages are adjustment the vendors may limit the variety of products, relinquishing inventory control over to vendors and distributors may negatively impact their customer satisfaction, and the customers may decide to take in with supplier directly which could put Best Buy at seek of loosing their business.Inventory levels over the past 4 age have remained on an increasingly consistent track as their revenue has risen. According to Best Buy (2010), this rise in revenue and assets is partly due to the fact that they enter new markets and open new stores across the world. The latest opportunities that they have come across include new stores in Europe and other areas overseas. This is new territory for Best Buy but has been a successful venture based on their flexibility with their inventory systems that they have in place. The following table presents the last five year financi al highlights check to the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of Annual Report on attain 10-K. (Investor Relations, 2010)DellDell is clearly a giant leader in the information technology world. Dell is an American company with headquarters in Round Rock, Texas. The company develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. The company got its birth in 1984, founded by Michael Dell. Dell has become one of the roughly admired companies in the electronic industry. According to Fortune Magazine, Dell is listed as the 38th largest company in the United States. Based on total revenue, Dell is the 5th largest company in Texas and the 2nd largest non-oil company in Texas (Wikipedia, 2010). So, how does Dell do it? Managing its inventory base is an indication.From its early beginnings, Dell set the bar. Dell uses the just in time (JIT) approach in the manufacturing facilities. By using this technique, Dell can minimize its inventory cost. In an industry that rapidly changes, maintaining low inventory levels is one key factor to survival. According to jetty Street ledgers MarketWatch (2010), the following table provides asnapshot portion of the financials record for Dell from its balance sheet. Annual Financials for Dell, Inc.According to Wikipedia (2010), just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory strategy that is designed aide in improving a businesss bring forth on investment by reducing in-process inventory and any carrying cost associated. JIT production method is also known as the Toyota Production System. JIT plant with of use of signals at different points in the manufacturing process. The signals indicate the presence or absence of a part or the deprivation to make another(prenominal) part. If JIT processes are implemented correctly, it can improve an organizations return on investment, quality,and efficiency. It is preferably simple the philosophy behind JIT is inventory is waste and Dell has try to capture that philosophy.Wal- MartThe worlds largest and most profitable retailer, Wal-Mart continues to expand its stress in the US and worldwide. To do this, Wal-Mart has to track what is selling, what isnt, and what products its over 3,740 stores nationwide study whether it be their discount stores, supercenters, or neighborhood markets. The below excerpt from the 2010 yearbook report (2010 annual report-walmartstores.com, 2010) shows the level of inventories that Wal-Mart has maintained for the last four years (Amounts in millions except per share and unit count data)With an average of $34m in inventory, cosmos valued under the LIFO last in starting signal out- method take foring track of it is of major importance to the retail giant. To take note track of its inventory, Wal-mart and Sams Club use electronic product code (EPC) labels to make sure the products you want are available when you need them (walmartstores.com, 2010). What is an EPC? The EPC is a lot like a bar code that most stores use. W al-Mart uses the EPC because the information that can be tracked about the product being purchased includes what the product are, who are the manufacturers, and other specifics like color, size, style, and more.The information provided by the EPC allows Wal-Mart to better manage the inventory on hand, making sure the store provides its customers with what they want, when they want it. How does EPC work? EPC labels consist of a unique number that can be tied back to a specific piece of merchandise. Using special(a) readers, and through the magic of RFIDs, the EPC doesnt have to be scanned directly for them to be read by the computers. This means that Wal-Mart can count thousands of items in seconds and know which products are out ofstock (walmartstores.com, 2010). The products that Wal-Mart is tracking with the EPC are easy to find.They are identified by an EPC symbol. What does EPC mean to consumers? The ability to track finite inventory information is important as it ensures that the retail giant can keep products in stock that consumers want. Amazingly, with all the information that the EPC tracks, there is no aggression of privacy to the consumer. The EPC does not collect personal information when purchased. Labels are not tracked once the actual merchandise is bought and leaves the store.ComparisonThe different inventory systems used by each organization share a third estate goal. The system tracks the inventory for each company allowing them to hopefully save money by knowing where items are and what needs to be purchased. Each organization emphasizes inventory control and recognizes the effects of inventory management on their boilers suit profitability. To this end, many of the companies use a variation of bar coding or Radio-frequency identification (RFID) to track inventory. Each organization also ties inventory management to an awareness of demand this allows the organization to quickly react to changing market conditions.ConclusionBecause invent ory is possibly the largest current asset listed on a organizations financial statement, correct inventory management is at the heart of a businesss success or failure.References2010 Annual Report Walmartstores.com (2010). Retrieved on January 10, 2011 from http//cdn.walmartstores.com/sites/AnnualReport/2010/PDF/WMT_2010AR_FINAL.pdf Best Buy (2010). Company Reference Best Buy. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http//www.answers.com/topic/best-buy-co-inc Dell. (2010). Wall Street Journal MarketWatch. Retrieved January 12, 2011, from http//www.marketwatch.com/investing/Stock/DELL/financials/balance-sheet Hoyt, W. (2002). The basics of inventory tracking. Retrieved on January 10, 2011 from http//www.essortment.com/career/smallbusinesst_tuag.htm

Outline two perspectives on learning Essay

Classical gain vigor is when behaviour is hit the booksed through with(predicate) and through a stimulus response bond (S_R) This is do by victimisation unconditioned stimuli as well as conditioned stimuli. Simply all(prenominal)ot this method of behavioristic learnedness is able to create behaviour that doesnt normally exist (e.g. salivating at the sound of a bell) this is through with(p) through association. For examinationple if a person was to ring a bell salutary before they fed the dog, the dog would salivate due to the presence of the food. If done enough times, the dog would salivate at the sound of the bell alone, correct if no food was present (Pavlovs experiment)Operant Conditioning is employ to shape behaviour that already exists in the learner. This is done through keep whether it be positive (rewarding) negative (taking away a negative trait) or punishment Skinner found that slew are more belike to learn a behaviour if they are rewarded after doing it (e.g. praise, gifts etc.)SLT refers to Banduras research, as he believed that muckle feces learn through vicarious knowledge watching other people doing or not doing as they do. This is done by Modelling, which fanny mean to make an example of a peer in enlighten, thus showing others how to, or not to act.HumanisticCarl Rogers believed that people learn scoop when they are given/sh birth Unconditional positive regard, empathy and genuiness. This looks at learners as human beings with sensitivities and self esteem as opposed to machines which rear be programmed (behaviourist) Maslow was another humanistic believers he created the pecking order of needs, suggesting that the learners needed their fundamental needs to be satisfied (food safety belingingess) before they ass learn and have the desire to explore the meta needs (learning etc.)Due to the fact that the common chord lieus are so different in design, it can be precise difficult to say how one method is nomothetical ly better than another. Each perspective has its own strong and weak points.The behaviourist perspective is a actually affective method of learning as performance levels tennerd to be at the highest when the techniques of classical, Operant and SLT are applied. However this suggests that people learn to that extent what they show, valuing nothing barely the behaviour of the learner.For example the use of Classical Conditioning can create associations which can benefit the learner (e.g. standing up when a governor enters the room) as it can avoid embarrassment however, it can also be considered unethical to use such techniques as learners ten can become unable to control their own actions as the SR bond created put their behaviour in the control of the subconscious thus using classical conditioning techniques would not be best when difficult to teach something of a creative nature (e.g. art, music etc.) as individualised control is very important in these casefulsAnother eth ical fill out with the use of behaviourist tactics in learning is that the honourment can hurt the learners self esteem. This can be seen in Operant Conditioning techniques like punishment in that although the behaviour whitethorn be shaped to an acceptable standard, the learners would become less make to produce work. This can also play a role in bad association between the student and the subject being taught in that they dont like how the behaviourists teacher treats them, they would learn to dislike the subject as opposed to simply the teacher.The Humanistic view, due to the fact that they judge the development of the person more than the acquisition of trivial knowledge, can lots very poor exam results at bottom checks. An example of this would be the Summerhill school (Neil) which applied a completely humanistic approach to the workings of the school (e.g. no reinforcement of class attendance, no rules etc.) the results of this experiment showed that with the humanistic perspective, exam results were poor, however follow up studies showed that psychological problems and better stability within alumniAnother possible criticism of the humanistic views of Maslow is that there are people who can learn in school very well yet not have all of their basic needs satisfied (e.g. absent-minded parenting) however it can be said that the higher meta needs would be easier to pursue if the basic needs were provided for the learner. This goes against Maslows theory in that the hierarchy of needs can have exceptions based on individual differences (which can be analysed in the Myers Briggs Personality Indicator)Cognitive psychologists believe that all training can be presented in a way thats best taken on by the learner. However this goes against the theories of Piaget and Ausubel who thought that information was entirely better if present in certain ways, (bit by bit versus all encompassing respectively) The cognitive approach doesnt consider the learners as anything but information processors, which can also hurt students self esteem as they are not necessarily regarded as human beings who are value (Rogers)When it comes down to it each perspective is very helpful to the improvement of learning within children however if used exclusively can cause their own contrasting problems. The best way in my eyes is to create a hybrid of the systems, for example, in regards to dealing with disruptive behaviour a behaviourist system of punishment be most effective, but then followed up with a humanistic debrief, (explaining why being punished) this would allow the student to learn the behaviour as well as maintain or reinforce self esteem.

Managing Political Risks Essay

A firm mustiness be hoodable to deliver the goods the different kinds of political riskinesss that it whitethorn have to face by investing in a particular estate. Firm-specific risks argon defined as risks that affect the international enterprise at the corporate and/or trade union movement level. The most consequential firm-specific risk is referred to as the governance risk, which entails that there may be a conflict of goals amid the transnational enterprise and the server government (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 5).Volatility of foreign exchange rates is other usage of a firm-specific risk (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Country-specific risks must also be managed. These risks affect the multinational enterprise at the corporate and/or project level, too. However, the difference between firm-specific and country-specific risks is that the latter originate at the level of the country. Institutional and/or pagan risks in addition to transfer risks are examples of c ountry-specific risks (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 6).While the latter involves the takings of blocked funds, the former involves problems such as corruption in the country where the multinational enterprise intends to invest its funds (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 6). Lastly, the multinational enterprise must seek to manage its global-specific risks. These risks affect the enterprise at the corporate and/or project level but originate at the level of the sinless globe. Poverty and terrorism are examples of global-specific risks (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Indeed, it is possible for the multinational enterprise to manage the three types of political risks.There are three principles methods of political risk management nail downing, diversifying, and hedging (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). The first method refers to the investors effort to limit the exposure to the political risk by putting a cap on the exposure vis-a-vis a particular country, often as a perc entage of general exposure or own funds (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). Netting is involved in this procedure, as the investor must calculate the sugar exposure before trying to derive a smaller overall position (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). Following this political risk management procedure, a boot company may decide to limit the amount of funds that it transfers to its footslogger that directly faces a particular type of political risk (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). variegation is another useful method of managing political risks. A multinational enterprise, when set about with political risks, may decide to spread the exposure among various countries that are not perfectly correlated. If the enterprise is faced with corruption in the countries of cardinal of its subsidiaries, it may choose two more countries where corruption is not a political risk.As a matter of fact, this method of managing political risks tends to be the easiest and therefore most comm only used (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Hedging is yet another way to manage political risks, but is typically understood to be possible only with investment and/or export insurance. As an example, the multinational enterprise may obtain such insurance from the Multilateral enthronement Guarantee Agency of the World Bank. The insurance may provide prolongs against genteel disturbance, war, expropriation, in addition to currency transfers.National insurance companies run by the government may similarly be approached by the investor to obtain cover for risks that arise from non-payment (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Regardless of the kinds of political risks facing the investor, therefore, it is possible to invest by managing the risks after choosing one or more methods of political risk management. deeds Cited Frenkel, Michael, Alexander Karmann, and Bert Scholtens (eds. ). Sovereign Risk and Financial Crises. New York Springer-Verlag, 2004.

Early Childhood Education application essay Essay

This artworkicle gives a study of how we cigarette gain the material in an Early Childhood institution from the novel diametrical Children Different Needs by Charles F. Boyd. This hold in can be taken as a channel showing parents and t to each oneers in any bring in on how to be more efficient by knowing the constitution God has given each pincer. Boyd applies a DISC style of traits of parents nature for c everyplaceing in parent-child affiliations.Although, this book is mainly on good parenting which exclusivelyows you to palingenesis your and your childs qualities and as a result, protagonists you in improving colloquy with no friction in the midst of parents and children. The material in this book can also be very useful in any institutional environment. Based on this knowledge, this study gives a brief evaluation of the application and knowledge specifically in an institutes environment and the view from it. Knowledge and Application This book assists you in unde rstanding that every child has a unique spirit and n one(a) of them are right or wrong but just different.As in the novel Boyd writes As parents, we need to discover our childrens natural styles and help each one grow up correspond to his unique, in-born, God-given design (Charles Boyd. 4). Writer uses the DISC character sk etc. descriptions to understand and help you to re-open blocked communion with your child. Its as easy as opening by inquiring yourself if your child is a bit lazy or active, people person or a loner? The material and tools presented in Different Children, Different Needs ordain take the anonymity out of the way on how you interrelate with each other.In the book, we look at a tool referred to as the art of flexible parenting or parenting by figure. It is a method which presents us with an chance to demonstrate our kids that procures into account equally how God has knowing our style and character and how He has designed our children. This uncomplicated an d realistic exemplification enables us to put one across our normal bent and the way it influences our parenting style, determine our childrens design, comparison between the origin two and adjusting our style so as it fulfils the style and requirements of our children.It helps in fashioning an atmosphere of encouragement and survive which results in enhanced parent-child communication and eases common areas of clashes. The methods and tools given in this book can non solo help parents in understanding their children better but also recruit helpful in Children institutes by giving teachers an insight to his/her pupils mind and personality and making them realize that not every educatee cannot be the covert person and that someone has to take the bottom position whether it be faculty member performance or co-curricular activities.After having an understanding of such canonics, these Institutes can stick sure that each student is treated as an individual and not be compare d with others who are either doing better or worst than him and so improved student-teacher sex act which will result in better results. This model will assist in developing an atmosphere of encouragement and support and can have results like an increased presumption and self-discovery. After narration this book, you will start to comprehend things you never understood in relation to the most excellent way to communicate to each unique student in a class.Students will appear to appreciate how God has designed them and made each and everyone of them exceptional in his own way, maturing in self-confidence and discovering a sense of fitting in somewhere. And you will get pleasure from fulfilling your mentoring experience youve forever wished for. Understanding and Experience A Childs education starts from home. teaching method plays a very significant part in altering lives of children. This book gives a concept of parenting pollution.Parenting pollution refers, to the desire of every parent to raise their children the way they think they should. If we observe carefully, we see that the same idea is use in children institutions where teacher expects the student to be as smart as the teacher was when he was students age, or think the same way as he used to think and mostly compare students with each other. The impartiality is, it is important to realize that with changing times, minds maturity level changes, and children nowadays, grasp and grasp things differently then we used to.The one part of the book that I thought could be authentically helpful if all could read it and revel is a number of pages of encouraging one-liners which can be used to get up your childs or your students self-confidence some of which includes learnings like when asked a student to perform a task in classroom and if he is taking longer than some other students, instead of saying this reject thing Whats taking you so long? , what you can say is, You do things specifically an d correctly. (Haim Ginott, 23) That line sums up the observe, dont decide philosophy of child psychologist Haim Ginott which one should try very often for marvellous results. (Haim Ginott, 23) Some stuff you read in this book is pretty basic on parenting like be patient with a child , simulatet hurry or push him, be open at times when your child wants to do things differently than you feel like etc. But observe carefully that do you really do all this basic stuff all the time or you are really a moody personConclusion The DISC character remains on which all of the suggestion in this book is based is not exactly a specific personality test but in actually just a self-discovery test where you can ponder over you actions and those of your children and then apply them in Children Institutions. The concluding remark is that Parenting by plan is a technique you can utilize to fine-tune your parenting technique according to your children and students as each of them has different perso nality and psychology.It can really help is making parents and teachers understand that even if the personalities of their children clashes with their own, it can still be a positive relation and parents being older have to take the first step which may just include getting a copy of this book. References Boyd, Charles. 2004. Different Children, Different Needs. Published by Multnomah Books Ginott, Haim. 1996. Between

The debate, which has already turned emotional

The national debate on miscarriage concerns twain the legal as well as the moral aspects of the issue. The debate has not only grown provocative but it has in like manner become minuteually divisive as well, effectively polarizing Americans into those who support the practice and those who oppose it.The debate, which has already turned emotional, has devised labels for the two opposing camps. Pro- abortion Americans are appertainred to as anti- spirit or pro-choice piece those who are against the practice cod been called pro-life and anti-choice (Internet Infidels, 2005). In some other words, if one goes by these labels, a womanhood who resorts to abortion is guilty of putt an end to life by exercising her choice. One who is against the practice of abortion, on the other hand, is all for allowing the life of a fetus to continue.It is also the rivalry of the pro-lifers or the anti-abortion camp that it is the duty of brass to prohibit women to end their maternal quality th rough abortion, thereby illegalizing the practice. spontaneous abortion advocates, on the other hand, maintain that women should be given a choice whether to continue or go bad their pregnancies and that government should not interfere with this choice.Some people also use the terms secularists and atheists to refer to advocates of abortion while most anti-abortion Americans are said to belong to the unlike Christian denominations in the country. This only goes to show that anti-abortion Americans consider themselves to be god-fearing while viewing those who favor abortion as non-believers (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008).Labels notwithstanding, proponents and opponents of abortion have offered their own arguments in support of their positions. While there are those who fence in favor of abortion for the simple reason that they believe it to be their right to choose whether to bring their maternity to fruition or discontinue them for their own personal reasons, many pro-abortion Americans favor abortion only under(a) specific circumstances.One situation where pro-choice advocates really insist on abortion is when the pregnancy endangers the life of the woman. According to them, in such a situation, it is demote to opt for an early abortion and save the life of the pregnant woman than wait for the fetus to fully develop and risk killing the go or cause her to suffer from permanent disability because of the pregnancy.Another situation is when the pregnancy is the result of rape and incest. They argue that rape and incest are heinous crimes which hit highly traumatized victims.When these crimes result to pregnancy, the victims are consequently tortured since their pregnancy dress as a constant reminder of their harrowing experience. If abortion is not allowed in such cases and the women ultimately give birth, the lives of both the women and their children would be hell.Still other is when prenatal tests show that the fetus is either malformed that life later birth would only be for a few hours or a few days, or that the child would be so retarded that his or her life would only be one suffering after another. abortion proponents claim that ending such a pregnancy would be an act of mercy (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008).Opponents of abortion, however, have rejected the arguments put forth by its advocates. First, they argue that ending pregnancies resulting from rape and incest is completely immoral. According to them, abortions in such cases measurement to killing an innocent child because of the crimes of her father.They do not subscribe to the public opinion that doing away with the evidence of the crime (the pregnancy) would ultimately mitigate the situation. Instead, they maintain that while criminals should be punished for their crimes, the innocent should be allowed to live.Second, opponents of abortion take censure to the argument that it is the right of the pregnant woman to decide whether to have an abortion or not. According to them, if the pregnant woman believes that she has certain rights, the child that she is carrying also has the right to live (Johansen, 1996).Finally, pro-life advocates maintain that children are Gods gift to man and that their parents are simply their caretakers. Children, therefore, should be allowed to live the life that God had planned for them (DSilva, 2007).Personally, I believe that abortion is an issue that should be treated on a case to case basis. Although it is generally believed that a fetus is already a form of life, the moment its existence would assure fatal to the pose, abortion should be allowed.My reason is simple if a pregnancy could kill the mother, then it is better to abort it than risk the life of the mother and possibly that of the child. I am also convinced that even if the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest, such crimes are not equal to punish the innocent by killing the children of rapists and incestuous fathers. Indeed, children sh ould never be punished for the sins of their fathers.ReferencesDSilva, R. (2007). Anti-Abortion Arguments Reasons Against Abortion. Retrieved September 12, 2008 fromhttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/antiabortion-arguments-reasons-against-abortion.htmlInternet Infidels. (2005). On The Issue of Abortion. Retrieved September 12, 2008 fromhttp//www.infidels.org/library/ new-fashioned/debates/secularist/abortion/index.shtmlJohansen, J. (1996). A Summary of Pro-Choice Arguments. Retrieved September 12, 2008 from http//www.pregnantpause.org/abort/choicarg.htmReligious Tolerance.org. (2008). Abortion access All sides of the issue. Retrieved September12, 2008 from http//www.religioustolerance.org/abortion.htm

Improved and reliable car technology Essay

This meat it is over more than oft challenge to endure, maybe to further places on the motorway network as it is so clean. This has an electric shock on get and turnism as more than pile be willing to hold up. Air Travel. Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir coarse trim are both(prenominal) recognized as being the co-inventors of the jet locomotive engine. Each worked separately and knew zip of the others work. Hans von Ohain is considered the designer of the first operational turbojet engine. Frank Whittle was the first to register a patent for the turbojet engine in 1930. Hans von Ohain was granted a patent for his turbojet engine in 1936.However, Hans von Ohains jet was the first to fly in 1939. Frank Whittles jet first flew in 1941. The phylogenesis of pressurised cabins meant that there was a supply of air which then they could fly higher and get divulge of the troposphere where all the weather conditions affected the evasion. As with break the pressurised cabin, leakages couldnt go to a higher place in to the stratosphere, into the thin air as there would be no air supply. This meant flights are more racketable and quicker, therefore more likable to the public. Aircrafts terminate now reach senior high of 30,000- 40,000 ft, whereas they could only reach heights of 15,000 ft.The Boeing 747, overly popularly kn suffer as the jumbo jet, is the second mountainousst passenger airliner after Air transport A380, but it remains the largest aircraft in commercial dish. The 747 was born out of the explosion of the popularity of air travel in the 1960s. The enormous popularity of the Boeing 707 had revolutionised long outperform travel in the world, and had began the concept of the ball-shaped travel make executable by the jet revolution. The original design was a full space double decker. However, following issues with proposed evacuation routes, this paper was scrapped in favour of a wide-body design.Concorde 001 took wrap up for the f irst test flight from Toulouse on bound 2nd 1969 and the first supersonic flight followed on October 1st. As the flight program of the first development aircraft progressed as planned, 001 started off on a sales and demonstration tour beginning on September quaternate 1971. Not until June 2nd 1972 did Concorde 002 follow typeface with a sales tour of the Middle and Far East. Concorde 002 made the first visit to the United States in 1973, landing at the new Dallas/Fort Worth International aerodrome to commemorate its opening. Technological features.Many technological features common in the archean 21st century airliners were first used in Concorde For speed optimization, Concorde feature Double-delta shaped wings Thrust-by-wire engines, ancestor of todays FADEC controlled engines. Droop irrupt section for good landing visibility For weight-saving and enhanced performance, Concorde featured to the full electrically controlled analogue fly-by-wire flight controls systems. I got this movie from http//www. nationmaster. com/encyclopedia/Concorde * Computerised look intoing-in and luggage handling also processs leaving on pass so much easier and more appealing for deal to go on pass.This therefore has an impact on travel and touristry as wad are more willing and confident to go on spend as e precisething is so much quicker and easier. Sophisticated air traffic control makes passage on a plane even safer as technological developments hire vastly alter. This therefore gives people more confidence in fleeting and therefore more people do. I got this table from http//www. air-quality-management. co. uk This table shows how the measure of people using air travel has increased since 1970. It has predicted the amount of passengers from 2010 to 2030. It also shows an increase.This is because it is becoming more popular to fly and as it is more comfortable, sport on the flight and its much quicker which makes it so much more appealing to fly. * The gr owth of regional airports has also increased cod to the amount of people wanting to travel abroad. Airports have many facilities which make it easier for the public. There are monorails and coaches to the airport from the gondola car parks that make it so much more accessible to get the airport. This is why the travel and touristry persistence is increasing as everything including the facilities and ability to travel is much more efficient and easier.Conclusion. The impact air travel has had on the travel and touristry industry is signifi natest. This is because since the 2nd world war planes have become large as so they fundament hold more people devising flights cheaper. This means more people can afford to go on holiday to far destinations and also have the better quality excursion. then air travel has affected travel and tourism greatly. sea Travel. * Sea travel has changed since the 2nd world war from the main form of global passenger transport to shorter- expedition car ferries and cruises.This is because people use to go on a bring to America because flying was very uncomfortable as technology was only developing. But when the jet engine and pressurised cabin were genuine the need to go on the convey was decreased as people could fly over instead, taking slight time. This meant the ferry was not involve and so it became a cruise instead of like a bus service. * Ferries have become more popular due to the capability of people they can get on them. This means that prices are trim so it is more affordable for more people. Also as car haveership has increased the need for ferries which can hold cars is more important.The ferries such(prenominal) as the sea France Rodin and the Brittany ferries are good examples in which can contemplate vehicles and loads to destinations. Each route has been specifically designed to save drivers large amounts of time and mileage, making us the logical choice of the professional. I got this picture and map from http//www. brittanyferriesfreight. co. uk/ These are the offers Brittany Ferries include Direct and cost-effective routes More mileage-saving dismissal ports and destinations A personal service offering individually tailored solutions.From freakish loads to small vans Top quality food and on-board facilities This map shows where the ferry travels to. The wide choice of sailings enables people to choose the port most pleasant for them, keeping driving to a minimum. The arrival ports also offer easy access to the major road networks in France and Spain, making driving on the continent easier. Ro-Ro ferries are the idea in which you take your vehicle onto the ferry and then when you get to the destination you can just roll off. This made it much easier and convenient as its a undecomposable concept to use.Sir Christopher Cockerell was the inventor of the hovercraft in 1956. The hovercraft could carry double as many passengers and vehicles, but this meant it was slower. The ho ver craft was replaced by the introduction of the sea-cats. The sea cat would as it gets extravaganter lift making the journey quicker. Compared to conventional ferries, the sea cat fleet of smaller, steadfaster vessels results in fast loading and unloading coupled with the fact that all of the cross-Channel services are run from dedicated ports, makes travelling on the sea cat fast and hassle free experience.I got this picture from Google face on images on a lower floor sea cats. An issue which meant Health and Safety issues were considered was the landmark disaster of the auspicate of free Enterprise. It capsized in the approaches to the Belgian port of Zeebrugge en route to capital of Delaware in England at 7. 05pm local time on March 6, 1987. At least 150 passengers and 38 members of the crew lost their lives, most intimate the ship, from hypothermia, in the frigid water. The bow doors had been left open after sack and water flooded the car decks.The tragedy led to new rubber eraser regulations in the British ferry Industry. Conclusion. Sea travel has dramatically improved over the years since the 2nd world war where both the journey and safety wasnt good enough. straight ferries are very much more appealing to the public and offer a wide image of services. This means the public can Computerised Booking Systems. Before there was a computerised booking system, travel agents used to work with wall charts. On these charts they had lists of operable different resorts and airlines. People had to write out tickets which werent very efficient. straight off travel agents have a 1/4 of a billion pounds worth of computer systems which they can use the website to gather useful information, cursorily and efficiently. The technology also means travel agents such as Sunvil can make databases of their customers history in holidays. Another new-fashioned technology that has helped to increase the efficiency of booking a holiday is a global distribution sys tem. This consists of a speedy dedicated-line access, a huge database of flesh out including adaptation, travel, hotels and car hire. It is also global. This means the sales process is easier and more efficient. world(prenominal) distribution Systems include Worldspan. Worldspan provides worldwide electronic distribution of travel information, profit products and connectivity, and e-commerce capabilities for travel agencies, travel service providers, and corporations. Worldspan system provides approximately 16,000 travel agencies with travel data and booking capabilities for hundreds of the worlds leading travel service suppliers. Worldspan employ 2,500 people which show that the market is massive. It proves how big travel and tourism has become and how it is increasing. Amadeus.Amadeus offers a service in which the public can suit their holidays to themselves. This means information comes from all over the world to give the costumers the scoop up chance of getting the holiday th ey want. The electronic information on Amadeus contains flight details, accommodation and dates in which are available. There are many online travel agents, these include Expedia. Expedia is a virtual online travel agent which means you can book everything from you flight to hotel. Their aim is to replace high street travel agents. Expedia also works with a GDS to get the results they want for their costumers.This has a stentorian impact on travel and tourism as it is so much easier to book a holiday as everything can be catered for, for your own personal needs. Sunvil Holidays. Sunvil online offers a different service to Expedia as you cant book online whereas they offer a variety of holidays around the world. You can either book by phone or request to order a brochure. Sunvil have been operating holidays since 1970. They also offer unique tailor made travel options. This is what makes it ideal and appealing to potential costumers. Another technological development is e-ticketing .Here is the booth in which you enter your details into when you come to the airport. This means you dont need a paper ticket which gives you less things to worry about and loose. Once you have booked with the airline, you can check yourself in. this saves on time and is much more efficient. This relates to the ever growing industry of travel and tourism as everything is becoming easier and quicker to do. Making going away much more appealing to the public. (I got this picture form Google search on images. ) Conclusion. Computerised booking systems make it much easier for tourists going on holiday as it creates less hassle.This makes it much more engaging for the public. The technological development therefore relates to the increase of travel and tourism as going on holiday is so much more efficient to the technology. 3. Product using and Innovation. Holiday camps. In the 1950s Butlins was very popular and was the main idea for a family holiday. I got this leaflet fromhttp//www. b utlinsmemories. com/6/id77. htm This is the leaflet from the 1950s which states that this was the echt holiday that everyone wanted. This was the case then, when the concept of holidays was restricted to only the UK.Nine UK camps were built. They can be divided into three distinct eras The pre-war camps of Skegness (1936) & Clacton (1938), the wartime camps of Filey, Pwllheli and Ayr and the post-war camps of Mosney (1948), Bognor (1960), Minehead (1962) and Barry (1966). There were already quite an a few holiday camps in existence but truncheon Butiln took the concept to a whole new level by making them far bigger and by offering a previously unheard of range of merriment and activities. The Butlin camps were really in a league of their own and were far larger than anything seen before or since.In the drab post-war years of mainland Britain the camps promised and delivered a world far removed from anything most people had go through before. The brightly coloured buildings with exotic names, the seemingly endless list of cheer and activities, the wonderful flower gardens, and all available for the equivalent of a weeks pay. Now Butlins has now become less popular as more people want to go abroad on long haul holidays as flights and accommodation is so cheap. Although, Butlins is trying to re-launch itself. It offers a range of cheap holiday with savings that will hopefully bring people back to enjoy the Butlin experience.As you can see from the screen print, the prices are low and are appealing to families to single adults looking for a good night entertainment also. I got this screen picture from http//www. butlinsonline. co. uk/ Whereas Butlins was aimed at the working class, the new writing style of holiday camps are aimed at the middle class. These camps include Centre Parcs and Oasis. These camps offers accommodation suitable to the size of your family. The chalets are set into woodland making it very private. The main centre building offers everyt hing from restaurants and bars to swimming pools all low one roof.Everything is very much more sophisticated than Butlins and is suited to families sort of than single people. The family is a main target for travel and tourism and so centre parcs is making the most of the money that families have by meet for them. I got this screen print from http//www. centerparcs. co. uk/ This screen print gives information on the resort and sells their concept well. Package holidays. * Package holidays developed in the 1960s when jet travel was in force and people had more holiday time due to the holiday pay act by the government.

A Study of Career Plateau in Education Sector Essay

If Employees jobs ar filled with routine and wearisome tasks or if desired progressions be blocked in the transcription, then they are apt(predicate) to feel an inalienable sense of loss and become doubting about noticeings fulfillment in their races calling tableland employees are likely to take on demotivation and higher labour turnover be compositors case they exigency to advance their courses elsewhere in the environment Researcher find out the nominates, difference of move plateau among the Admin Staffs, Support Staffs, T distributivelying Staffs, practiced Staffs in study sector, its effect and strategies to remove the career plateau. The Major finding of this study is that career plateau is a major contributing factor of employees dissatisfaction, organization dedication and employee turnover. Technical staffs withdraw more career plateau. Management and other stakeh whizz-time(a)er to develop the outmatch strategies to manage career plateau in the o rganization. Keywords Career plateau, Strategies, Employee turnover, Dissatisfaction1. Introduction Career plateau is not a sunrise(prenominal) phenomenon, but there is a worrying situation about the rate at which it is becoming more and more widespread in divers(a) organizations (Yama- moto, 2006 Lee, 2003). Many scholars on organizational careers have suggested that plateau is fast becoming a critical managerial and organizational issue which needs to be managed properly to avoid employees dissatisfy (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 Tremblay and Roger, 2004 Tremblay et al., 1995). Career plateau is defined as the point where employees like roof of additional hierarchical promotion is really low.International Journal of line of credit and Management tomorrowEmployees who have experienced career plateau would conceive that their employers have forsaken their careers (Lee, 2003). Career plateau has been used as antecedent to many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) undesirable work ou tcomes such as low satisfaction, high stress, execrable per human bodyance and other withdrawal symptoms (Yamamoto, 2006 Lee, 2003 Choy and Savery, 1998). Career plateau has the authorization to cause discomfort among the employees because lack of continued upward progression is considered as a yardstick to measure employees performance. Thus career plateau trails to paltry performance.In any organizations upward movement in terms of promotion of employees is accompanied by increase in salary, power and status (Lee, 2003). Plateau employees are likely to have higher labour turnover because they want to advance their careers elsewhere in the environment. For many employees, the time comes when all career movement ceases. Some feel unchallenged, while others simply dont have the motivation to move upward. It is managements responsibility to slug the best from staff members at such times. Fortunately, this isnt difficult when you are prepared with a game plan and a little underst anding. * Definitions. Plateaued employees, i observer has written, are those who reach their promotional ceiling long in the lead they retire. Structural plateauing occurs when opportunities for promotions end. The hierarchy in near institutions is designed like a pyramid, leaving room for only a select few at the top. Therefore, all(prenominal)one eventually plateaus. The inability to climb the career ladder is an emerging annoyance for employees in the 1990s. With aging of the baby boom generation and shrinking of pose management positions brought about by recession, improvements in office technology, and mergers and acquisitions, there are fewer opportunities for emanations in office technology, and mergers and acquisitions, there are fewer opportunities for overture (Weiner, Remer, & Remer, 1992).One signifi movet vocational effect is plateauing, a unique form of career stall (milstein, 1990b p, 325) which brush off result in a touch modality of malaise on the part of upwardly mobile individuals. This phenomenon is labeled plateauing because it resembles a long flat uninterrupted expanse with minimal contours and a sameness that stretches endlessly. If peoples jobs are filled with routine and boring tasks or if desired promotions are blocked, then they are likely to feel an intrinsic sense of loss and become skeptical about findings fulfillment in their careers. (Milstein, 1990a, P48)2. Examine the causes of career plateau Examine the difference in plateauing among the various levels of staffs in education sector. Examine the effect of career plateau in the organization. Give suggestions to manage career plateau effectively to minimize employee design to quit.3. In the subsequent pages, an attempt is made to review the literature pertaining to career plateaus of the employees. The literature of these studies has been collected through various magazines, journal, website and other published sources. 3.1 non-homogeneous types of career plateaus are being experienced by the employees in organization. con riddle to Bardwick (1986), there are three types of career plateau which are very common in organizations and there areStructural Plateaus- represents occupational situations where advancement is unavailable due primarily to the pyramidal nature of organization hierarchies. capability Plateaus When no challenge remains in their job. Tasks have been mastered and little new or exciting remains to be learned. Life plateauing-occurs when individuals hope they are trapped in their ongoing everyday routines, cycles, obligations, and relationships. They whitethorn lead them to have the sense that theres little fulfillment left field in any area of life. As per Rita M. Choy, Lawson K. Savery, (1998).Organizations are under blackjack to cope with factors such as resource scarcity, increased competition, slow stinting growth, increased utilization of technology and an increase in acquisitions and/or mergers. only these can lead to downsizing of the workforce. Many organizations believe downsizing can reduce costs and increase competitiveness. However, flattening structures reduces the number of people needed in organizations and such practices escalate the plateauing ISSN.International Journal of Business and Management TomorrowThe present study explores the relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and the plateauing phenomenon. Non-plateaued workers seem to have a better relationship with their organization and find coaching new staff more rewarding than plateauing workers. This finding is alpha because trainers must hold positive attitudes toward the company and this seems more likely when the soulfulness is not plateaued. Non-plateaued employees are also more likely to view the organization as encouraging job performance another(prenominal) issue of enormousness to managers of organizations.Susir Kumar CEO, Intelenet Global Services expresses, In spite of all the buzz and bare progressive HRM creates, career plateau remains a regular phenomenon and a problem that HR managers across industries and organizations have to grapple with. It can be defined as reaching a level of complacency, in many cases leading to employee burnout. It is not that such employees are incompetent however, there is a general flavor of being stuck. Such employees often harbour an illusion, that they have nothing more to achieve.Sharing his opinion on the organizational sickness that is a stagnant employee, Aleem Merchant, director, Synapse Marketing Consultancy Pvt. Ltd says, Employee plateauing is a disease that hampers almost every organization, big or small and today, this malady is threatening the very potential and future of the corporate world as fast as most lifestyle diseases. This too needs expert treatment and its own crush along of managerial medications. In order to analyze this plague, we must dissect it to get to the root of the problem. Plateaued employees c ould stem from boredom of routine work or moreover plain complacency.Very often, external stimulators such as excitement of new work or a hard reality session can help yank the employee out of his stupor, reasons G Ravindran, CEO, and MD- SHRM India. Potter, author of Overcoming Job Burnout How to transition Enthusiasm for Work, contends that often plateauing exists in the minds of employees. In many cases it may be an illusion. she said. According to Potter, employees also can imagine themselves plateaued with they fail to alter to the changing employment picture. Sometimes the person is not blocked they in force(p) dont understand the rules of the game have changed. she said.Some workers are frustrated trying to climb the corporate ladder, Potter said, unaware that the old traditional hierarchical construction no longer exists. Another cause of the illusory plateau, Potter said, is a worker who is actually chronically depressed. She explains that for a depressed individual, a new job acts as a sort of self-medication, giving the person a temporary high. However, Potter said, once that wage hike wears off, the employee goes back to feeling depressed and might be inclined to cursed this condition on a lack of job satisfaction. Its another kind of unrealistic expectation.When employees feel plateaued, Potter said, They can start acquiring into this problem of burnouta loss of motivation that can leave workers feeling helpless. She warned that burnout can lead to chronic absenteeism, anger, thievery, and substance abuse. Potter warned that any attempts at curbing burnout can be too little too late, because losing ones motivation is akin to losing ones spirit. When that gets damages, it just doesnt bounce back, she said.Study Design and Methodology 100 samples selected from various education society of Pune by using the convenient sampling method. The following categories/Levels of employees are selected as respondents. Teacher Admin staffs (4.3) Professio nal /Technical staffs (4.4) Support staffs. 25 respondents from each category are selected from for the research. The Instrument, containing 50 items and 29 attributes, each query is bedded by the respondents according to a five point Likert scale.

Deadly Beauty Essay

Descriptions of mantrap ar thrown at us everyday in various and oppvirtuosont views. While many people stay with the belief that smash is internal, nightclubs view of debaucher is propelled at us from every angle. precisely turn on the television, open a magazine, or surf the weathervane and you will find yourself bombarded by the idea that being sexy and being beautiful are synonyms. Critics argue that this view of beauty is causing our women and sluice some men to alter their bodies in damaging ways. While I agree that the way todays cabaret views is damaging and unrealistic, upright I withal do not believe this is a bare-assed occurrence. Throughout history various societies have caused their subjects to do damaging and wicked things all for the sake of what they called beauty. Beauty has become superficial and a landmark that is dangerous and used as a implement to control the mindsets of others.The say beauty is described in the dictionary as the quality or ag gregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasance to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit. (Merriam-Webster 2012). So why throughout history has the human race associated beauty with physical appearance? The antediluvian Mayans went to vast lengths to change their physical appearances. Mayan mothers flattened their childrens heads with boards and hung objects in drift of their newborns look to make the babys eyes crossed (Frater 2009) Both of these things were passing desirable forms of Mayan beauty but caused earnest physical damage to the body. Corsets in the Victorian era were used to fashion a womens body into the curvaceous form they desired. The sacrifice they nonrecreational for this look were broken ribs, fainting spells, and in extreme cases, kidney problems from having a corset to tight. like a shot across the dry land people still become ensnared in the detain of societal beauty. The Padang women in Burma stretch their necks with eag le-eyed brass coils to attain the long necks that their culture desires (Tao, 2012). The spiralsare started when a girl is around five or six and by the time they are adults they have around cardinal brass rings that adorn their neck. The brass rings cause their collarbone to cave down and crush the vertebrae in their spines and their collarbones but the women refuse to seclude off the rings because it is what their culture views as beautiful. In American society numerous women and even men go under the knife to win the look they want through plastic surgery. For a substantial fee, one can change the shape of their nose, increase or decrease converge size, reshape a jawline, or even remove fat from unsought areas. Less dramatic alterations are made on a perfunctory bases through applying composing, waxing away unwanted hair, and straightening or curling hair.Its easy to fall into the trap of trying to live up to the beauty standards of society. Although I know that all the p ictures of beautiful women the media throws at me are highly photo-shopped, it still hasnt prevented me from trying to achieve the perfect body and stunning looks that I gaze upon. In ninth grade I became anorexic. As a slightly over weight kid I became self-conscious around how skinny all the beautiful girls were. Even though I witnessed the ones who had zero personality and others who were downright evil, I felt that personality was baseless because being beautiful was what really mattered. I read countless articles on how to lose weight and how many calories each item of food contained. The more than weight I would lose, the more compliments I would get on how beautiful I had become. Fortunately I was able to get abet before it caused too much damage in my life. It still has repercussions on my life though, even now I find myself thinking intimately how I could get my body to look like those that are feature in the magazines and television. Instead of starving myself I hav e taken to makeup to contour my average face to look more alluring. I go int necessarily enjoy putting on makeup. It causes me to question if Im actually beautiful or if Im just putting on a mask trying to fit in to the masquerade. This doesnt stop me from applying it to my face in an almost every aurora ritual. The false hope that Ill live up to those photo shopped beauties keeps me adding new products to my collection. I want to be that Cover girl I captivate on the commercials. If I put on my LOreal Paris mascara, peradventure more people will notice my eyes and appreciate them. I halt to practice what I preach andforget that my beauty is entrap within my personality and how I treat others. Instead I let myself worth be defined on how my physical features compare to models I see.There will never be unified description of beauty and the opposing arguments will bicker between each other until the world ends. Media will be blamed for the destructiveness of beauty through their highly modify photos and almost anorexic models. We as people must not forget that it is not just the media to blame for the way beauty is morphed but also ourselves. We have a choice if we are going to follow blindly along or challenge our societies descriptions on beauty. Past societies had to have had design thoughts about the pain they were putting their bodies through, but still chose to accept it instead of challenging the view. We allow our cultures to use beauty as a weapon against us if we keep following blindly after descriptions our society throws at us we will never be able to find the confessedly beauty that lays just beneath the surface of our skin.Works CitedMerriam-Webster. (2012) Retrieved from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/beauty?show=0&t=1354774384J Frater. (2009, September 09). 10 facts about the Mayans. Retrieved from http//listverse.com/top-10-fascinating-facts-about-the-mayans/Marky, C.N., & Markey, P.M. (2012). Emerging Adults responses to a m edia presentation of idealized female beauty An exam of cosmetic surgery in reality television. Psychology Of Popular Media Culture,. 209-219 inside10.1037/a0027869Tao, Huai Sua. (2012, May 22). Long Neck Villages. Retrieved from http//www.ascensionatsea.net/Thailand/Thai_longnecks.htm

My Favourite Author †Ayn Rand Essay

We be fast approaching the symbolise of the supreme inversion the stage where the government is free to do anything it pleases, while the citizens whitethorn act only by permission which is the stage of the darkest periods of human history, the stage of rule by brute force. Ayn Rand, who lived from 1905 to 1982, made this statement over 50 years ago in 1961. One can only supporter notwithstanding wonder if theres a better panache to describe the state of our country today in 2013. There major power be a lot of issues on which an intellectual mind may differ with Ayn Rand but on this particular statement, most would agree today. We major power not already be there, in that stage but we be fast approaching it. The stage where all the fundamental rights are close for the government, and whoever the government might decide to bestow them upon. The right to the freedom of language seemed to be one of the first to be sacrificed followed by the right to comparison before law.Th e others might just follow suit. This assertion is not found in vacuum but on the argument that how many an(prenominal) great deal have suffered arrests and exile for executing their right to freedom of speech and how many people have faced the wrath of biased legal quest and persecution to satisfy the collective conscience of the fraternity? Ayn Rand had, time and again, stressed on this very aspect of the course that we have been taking. Although her writings were based on American context, they can easily be seen to reflect the global society and also, specifically our Indian societal and administrative system. And that is why Ayn Rand is my favourite author.For the ideas she propagated are universally applicable and are highly rational even though they have been widely criticised as impractical. And throughout her life she defended those ideas by her writings, by her life and by her conduct never compromising on her conviction. Her philosophical system and school of though t came to be known as objectivism. It is based on the concept of objective reality that demands that a mans holiness should not be based on faith, emotions or arbitrary whims but on reason and rationality that can be demonstrated when in question. There are few things that can inspire a person throughout their life Ayn Rands words have that potential. She exalt me.

Commercial surrogacy Essay

Commercial surrogacy refers to a process in which a yoke or individual pays a fee to a woman, a permutation become, who agrees to carry and give birth to a fry on their behalf. It is an woof for opposes and individuals who wish to drop a vitiate bird, but due to circumstances, foundationnot have one. Surrogacy whitethorn be moneymaking(prenominal), where the surrogate mother is paid for her services or altruistic, where in that respect is no payment and normally the surrogate mother is link up with the perpetration couple or individual. Commercial surrogacy must be brought to an end and make guilty worldwide Why you ask? Firstly, do those who support commercial surrogacy currently engender into account how dangerous it can be for the baby?Or the possible yields that may occur if something goes wrong? No, they definitely come int Surely if they did they wouldnt pay a surrogate mother to do so In addition to that, the surrogate mother atomic number 18 usually women who choose to be a surrogate mother life-time in acrid conditions within growing countries, where I will specifically be talking nigh women in India who be macrocosm utilize due to their unfortunate lifestyles. Finally to drive the point home, I will highlight the gruelling heartyity of commercial surrogacy caused by corrupt organisations that restraint light women going through and through all the hardship in developing countries.A controversial issue in the news within the past times year c erstrning commercial surrogacy involved this adorable little male chela which you can see in this photo of baby Gammy, a Thai boy who is one of two twins born in India by a surrogate mother. His biological p arnts were Australians who claimed that they didnt abandon him when finding out he had atomic reactor-syndrome. Although, Mr and Mrs Farnell (Baby Gammys biological parents) claim that they didnt know virtually the other baby which is false because, in truth thither is concr ete evidence that when the surrogate mother discovered she was carrying twins, the biological parents offered an additional $2,000 Australian dollars for the twin, however, when it was discovered that one of the babies had down-syndrome, the Australians told her to abort the affected twin. Just because he had a healthy twin sister, Baby Gammy was abandoned by his stony and cruel biological parents as they refused to take him back to Australia.Now, when we hear about terrible things like this happening to a tyke, our natural reaction is usually to demand better protection with the hope that we can prevent situations such as this from occurring again. Because Baby Gammy was diagnosed with down-syndrome, it gives no excuse or upright wing justification for his parents to abandon him He may be born through surrogacy but these heartless Australians are still his biological parents, who yearned for a child and once they had their wish fulfilled, they cruelly left him. Parents who are c apable of freehand birth to their own children would most definitely never abandon their child after finding out they have down-syndrome. So what gives this couple the right to abandon Baby Gammy? This situation really comes to show how largely unregulated commercial surrogacy is and this is why commercial surrogacy should be made illegal in all countries. We all must bring an end to enormous situations such as this from ever occurring again.Not to mention, in the future when baby Gammy grows up he would also be affected mentally, emotionally and most likely be very unstable as head due to his down-syndrome, as well as having to hear and accept that he was abandoned by his biologicals parents. Not only did this issue cause a racket as to awareness for this poor child but this issue is also seen as child I think that is going down the wrong path as a society if children become a goodness that you can buy. Another concerning issue involves the surrogate mothers, who are oftentim es living in developing countries with circumstances that are extremely harsh and very much unethical. The poor, illiterate women of rural backgrounds are often persuaded in such deals by their spouse or middlemen for earning easy money. These women often have no right nor better options with regards to their own body and life. In India, there is no homework of psychological screening or legal focussing and often after recruitment by commercial agencies, these women are shifted into hostels for the self-colored duration of motherliness on the excuse of taking antenatal care.The real motive is to guard them and to avoid any social stigma of being outcast by their community. These women spend the whole tenure of pregnancy unreassuring about their household and children. Only being able to see their family once a week on Sundays. The worst part is that in cases of invidious outcome of pregnancy, they are unlikely to be paid, and there is no provision of insurance or post-pregnanc y medical and psychiatric support for them. Rich life history women who do not want to take the trouble of carrying their own pregnancy areresorting to hiring surrogate mothers. There are a number of deterrent example and ethical issues regarding surrogacy, which has become more of a commercial racket, and there is an imperative need for framing and implementation of laws for the parents and the surrogate mother.Lastly, as a poor surrogate mother gets very much needed money, an infertile couple gets their long-desired biologically related baby and the country earns foreign currency, but the real picture reveals the bitter truth. Due to lack of proper legislation, both surrogate mothers and intended parents are somehow exploited and the profit is earned by middlemen and commercial agencies. There is no transparency in the whole system, and the regain of getting involved in legal problems is there due to unforeseeable regulations governing surrogacy in India. Some people may argu e that surrogacy benefits a number of individuals such as parents, surrogates and the agencies who organise such arrangements.This is NOT the case. As previously stated, not all the third word women benefit adequately and furthermore commercial surrogacy involves the marketing of babies as commodities, to be bought and sold in a commercial transaction. This may have negative psychological consequences for the child in later life. The consequences of being treated as a commodity are still not known so it is unreasonable to take such a risk. Having everyone believe that women in India and other developing countries are being paid by carrying and delivering the baby is purely untruthful and deceiving towards society, chummy down its the organisations that get all the benefit and profit.There are incidences where the child given to couple after surrogacy is not genetically related to them and in turn, is disowned by the intended parent and has to spend his life in an orphanage.http//ww w.smh.com.au/world/gammys-surrogate-mother-will-not-allow-david-and-wendy-farnell-to-take-her-baby-boy-20140810-102kvm.html http//www.smh.com.au/world/wendy-farnell-did-not-supply-the-egg-gammys-thai-mother-says-20140810-102joz.html

Adult Crime Adult Time Essay

In giving Crimes, Adult Time, published in the Washington stick out on shew 29, 1998, Linda J. pitman argues about the insipid laws and her principal phone line shows that children should serve the alike time as adults when they commit adult annoyances. pitman provides some statistics and examples (Jonesboro shooting, effortless City shooting, and her experience with a particular girl) that support her position regarding the data of the article. The diversity of laws among states made the situation much harder because they cannot come up with a specific solution for the problem. According to Collier, the solution is to create the same throttle of rules for every state, in order to punish the new-fangled who commits adult crimes. However, the deficiency of participation of the federal government or Congress creates an environment of dissimilitude in state laws that control the decision of prosecution of young society. Colliers article is not a good example of an try that combines all three supplyresss.The canvass contains entreaty to logos, but suffers from lack of steady-going information of the topic and does not provides a decent amount of usher that go pastly supports her reasons. Also, the refutation of different opinions is unclear along the essay, and does not calculate to be made correctly. However, Colliers ability to build park ground, use sensory language and her appeal to poignance determines the good forte of the phone line. The article seems to contain a large amount of information persuading the referee to support the more than severe and strict punishment for juveniles committing adult crimes. However, Colliers overall argument seems weak due to the lack of logical, statistical, and validatory facts making it sound more like a complain or else of an argument. She does not provides statistical facts to support a change in the juvenile justice system, on the new(prenominal) hand, she just advises to change the set of ru les without some(prenominal) reliable or factual support. In order to support her hold Collier should provide strong facts, such as, number of juveniles involved in murders and number of violent activities related to juveniles individuals.For example, the number of murders by by juveniles in 2003 was 783, however statistics show that the number of murders done by juveniles reached over 1.100 by 2007. In her argument, Collier never gives a clear and evident example of how only extending and implying harsher and more severe consequences will supporter reduce juvenile crime grazes. For instance, thither is no reliable standard of improvement that shows that Colliers solution will decreased the rate of juvenile crimes. Logically, a more severe punishment will and then frighten and make a juvenile think twice earlier committing a crime, although it wont guarantee a complete solution for the problem. In the sense of ethos, Colliers essay comes off as a cold and dry argument due to her strict point of go steady exhibiting any sort of emotion or sympathy towards the juveniles perspective. It is important to keep in mind that kids will be kids unheeding of the matter, therefore people tend to forget that they atomic number 18 still in the process of growing up and becoming responsible adults.On behalf of that, kids are vulnerable to make mistakes and careless choices without thinking about the consequences. Collier categorical out just wants to extend and intensify the judicial punishment, without any concerns regarding the juveniles background, family situation, or any other important factor that relates or leads to a juvenile misbehavior in the first place. Even panorama it may sound reasonable to intensify the juvenile justice system, there are specific situations that should be evaluated before portion outing such changes. Such as, universe at the wrong place and at the wrong time, facing problems through desperate matters, and mental problems that c ould lead to a tragic ending for a kid. Collier does not point out or takes under considerations this other subliminal and contributing factors of various kinds that can play an important social occasion in a young persons life, making her appeal to ethos vulnerable along the argument.On the contrary, Colliers appeal to pathos determines her side and stand point of the issue for sure. Clearly, she wants to lower juvenile crime rates through modifying and extending the juvenile justice system. Considering Colliers end as a possible solution for the present issue, the creation of commonality ground is stabled due to the fact that we all want a more safe and developed society for the future. Collier argues in such a way that she makes it seem as it is a perfect world with sincere solutions to serious problems. Thats not ever the case. Life is more mantic than a simple extension of punishments and consequences. On account of what was mentioned before, kids will always be kids and if they do not consider consequences, they still wont consider what Colliers suggest. As a conclusion, Colliers overall argument it is good.The essay presents many weaknesses related with the appeal to logos and ethos, however her facility to base common ground helps the confident of the article. Although, ethos and logos does not provide support, the appeal to pathos along the essay is a major strength. Collier should add more reliable information, facts, and statistics in order to make a stronger argument and support all the information contained in it. Coming up with courteous and clear refutations to other opinions will create a bigger direct of respect between the writer and the readers, resulting in an excellent and complete argument about the juvenile crime.Work CitedCollier, Linda J. Adult Crime, Adult Time. The Washington Post Company, Page C01. Web. Sunday, March 29, 1998.

Natural Disaster

countryquake, palpitation of the Earths surface ingestd by speedy movement of the Earths rocky outer point. Earthquakes exit when efficiency stored in spite of appearance the Earth, usu solelyy in the spring of st come down in rocks, on the spur of the moment releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the Earth by mankindquake waves. The devastation an earthquake causes depends on its magnitude and duration, or the f any of shaking that arrives. A structures design and the materials used in its construction as puff up affect the amount of modify the structure incurs. Earthquakes vary from sm alone, imperceptible shaking to crowing shocks felt ein truthplace thousands of kilometers.Earthquakes evoke deform the ground, make buildings and new(prenominal) structures collapse, and give ski lift tsunamis (large sea waves). Lives whitethorn be lost in the go awaying destruction. In the last 500 years, several million batch have been killed by earthquakes approximately the world, including over 240,000 in the 1976 Tang-Shan, China, earthquake. Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused life-threatening airscrew and structural damage. Adequate precautions, such as education, emergency planning, and constructing stronger, much(prenominal) flexible, safely designed structures, cannister resile the loss of life and moderate the damage caused by earthquakes.Focus and Epicenter- The point at heart the Earth along the rupturing geological stigma where an earthquake originates is called the focus, or hypocenter. The point on the Earths surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter. Faults- Stress in the Earths rancor occasions faults, resulting in earthquakes. The properties of an earthquake depend strongly on the lawsuit of fault slip, or movement along the fault, that causes the earthquake. Geologists categorize faults correspond to the direction of the fault slip.The surface between the two sides of a fault consis ts in a plane, and the direction of the plane is unremarkably non upended rather it dips at an angle into the Earth. Waves- The sudden movement of rocks along a fault causes vibrations that transmit energy with the Earth in the form of waves. Waves that travel in the rocks be menial the surface of the Earth ar called proboscis waves, and there be two types of body waves primary, or P, waves, and secondary, or S, waves. The S waves, also know as shearing waves, move the ground fundament and forth Effects Of EarthquakeGround Shaking and Landslides-Earthquake waves make the ground move, shaking buildings and cause poorly designed or lightheaded structures to partially or all told collapse. The ground shaking weakens craps and foundation materials chthonian structures and causes dramatic changes in powdery soils. During an earthquake, urine-saturated sandy soil move arounds like liquid mud, an effect called liquefaction. Liquefaction causes damage as the foundation soil b eneath structures and buildings weakens. Fire-A nonher post-earthquake threat is fire, such as the fires.The amount of damage caused by post-earthquake fire depends on the types of building materials used, whether water lines atomic number 18 intact, and whether natural gas mains have been broken. Ruptured gas mains may lead to many fires, and fire fighting cannot be effective if the water mains be not intact to transport water to the fires. Tsunami Waves and Flooding- Along the coasts, sea waves called tsunamis that accompany or so large earthquakes centered under the ocean can cause to a greater extent death and damage than ground shaking.Tsunamis ar usually do up of several oceanic waves that travel out from the slipped fault and arrive sensation after the other on shore. They can strike without warning, very much in places very distant from the epicenter of the earthquake. Tsunami waves atomic number 18 both(prenominal)times inaccurately referred to as tidal waves , plainly tidal forces do not cause them. Rather, tsunamis occur when a major fault under the ocean floor unawares slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing potent water waves at the ocean surface.The ocean waves spread out from the locality of the earthquake source and move crosswise the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their aggrandizement increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the Earths crust that slopes, or hold waters, from the ocean floor up to the field. Disease-Catastrophic earthquakes can create a risk of widespread disease outbreaks, peculiarly in underdeveloped countries. upon to water supply lines, sewage lines, and hospital facilities as well as lack of housing may lead to conditions that contribute to the spread of ancestral diseases, such as influenza (the flu) and other viral infections.Blizzard Blizzard, voice slight wedge characterized by intense cold, strong plagiarises, and a heavy snowfall. These beleaguers are near common to the western unite States but sometimes occur in other parts of the country. According to the U. S. National Weather Service, winds of 35 miles per hour (56. 3 km/h) or much and visibility of 0. 25 mi (0. 40 km) or slight are conditions that, if they endure for tether hours, rep oxygenise a blizzard. The great blizzard of March 11-14, 1888, which covered the eastern U. S. , was perchance the most paralyzing of any storm on record.Cyclone Cyclone, in strict meteoric landmarkinology, an study of pocket- size of itd atmospheric contract surrounded by a wind system blowing, in the northern hemisphere, in a anticlockwise direction. A corresponding graduate(prenominal)- force per unit area area with clockwise winds is known as an anticyclone. In the gray hemisphere these wind directions are reversed. Cyclones are normally called lows and anticyclones highs. The call cyclone has lots been more loosely applied to a storm and d isturbance attending such pressure systems, particularly the savage equatorial hurricane and the typhoon, which center on areas of unmistakably low pressure.Hurricane Hurricane, name given(p) to untrained storms that originate over the tropical or subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, disconnectedness of Mexico, or North Pacific Ocean east of the supranational Date Line. such storms over the North Pacific west of the transnational Date Line are called typhoons those elsewhere are known as tropical cyclones, which is the general name for all such storms including hurricanes and typhoons. These storms can cause great damage to property and loss of human life due(p) to high winds, flooding, and large waves crashing against shorelines.How Hurricanes Form-Tropical cyclones form and fascinate on over fiery ocean water, drawing their energy from latent heat. Latent heat is the energy released when water vapor in rising importunate, humid line condenses in to clouds and rain. As change denudate rises, more air flows into the area where the air is rising, creating wind. The Earths rotation causes the wind to follow a curved path over the ocean (the Coriolis effect), which helps give tropical cyclones their circular bug outance. Hurricanes and tropical cyclones form, maintain their strength, and grow only when they are over ocean water that is approximately 27C (80F).Such warmth causes large amounts of water to evaporate, making the air very humid. This warm water requirement accounts for the existence of tropical cyclone seasons, which occur in general during a hemispheres summer and autumn. Because water is slow to warm up and cool down, oceans do not become warm plenteous for tropical cyclones to occur in the spring. Oceans can become warm adequate in the summer for hurricanes to develop, and the oceans also retain summer heat done the fall.Hurricanes weaken and die out when cut withdraw from warm, humid air as they move over cooler water or land but can remain dangerous as they weaken. Hurricanes and other tropical cyclones begin as disorganized clusters of showers and thunderstorms. When one of these clusters becomes organized with its winds making a complete circle around a center, it is called a tropical depression. When a depressions sustained winds reach 63 km/h (39 mph) or more, it becomes a tropical storm and is given a name. By definition, a tropical storm becomes a hurricane when winds reach 119 km/h (74 mph) or more.Characteristics of Hurricane-A hurricane consists of bands of thunderstorms that turn toward the low-pressure center, or philiaball of the storm. Winds also spiral in toward the center, speeding up as they approach the eye. Large thunderstorms create an eye wall around the center where winds are the strongest. Winds in the eye itself are some calm, and the sky is often clear. Air pressures in the eye at the surface range from around 982 hectopascals (29 inches of mercury) in a weak hurricane to lower than 914 hectopascals (27 inches of mercury) in the strongest storms. Hectopascals are the metric unit of air pressure and are the same as millibars, a term used by many weather forecasters in the United States. Hectopascals is the preferred term in scientific journals and is being used more often in earthly concern forecasts in nations that use the metric system. )In a large, strong storm, hurricane-force winds may be felt over an area with a diameter of more than blow km (60 m). The diameter of the area affected by gale winds and torrential rain can extend another 200 km (120 m) or more outward from the eye of the storm.The diameter of the eye may be less than 16 km (10 m) in a strong hurricane to more than 48 km (30 m) in a weak storm. The small the diameter of the eye, the stronger the hurricane winds allow for be. A hurricanes strength is rated from Category 1, which has winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph), to Category 5, which has winds of more tha n 249 km/h (155 mph). These categories, known as the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale, were developed in the 1970s. Tornado Tornado, violently rotating column of air extending from ithin a thundercloud down to ground level. The strongest whirles may sweep houses from their foundations, destroy brick buildings, vomit up cars and school buses through the air, and even lift railroad cars from their tracks. Tornadoes vary in diameter from tens of meters to nearly 2 km (1 mi), with an average diameter of most 50 m (160 ft). close crulleres in the northern hemisphere create winds that blow counterclockwise around a center of extremely low atmospheric pressure. In the southern hemisphere the winds generally blow clockwise.Peak wind speeds can range from near 120 km/h (75 mph) to or so 500 km/h (300 mph). The forward motion of a crack cocaine can range from a near standstill to almost cx km/h (70 mph). A fracture becomes visible when a ejector seat funnel made of water vapor (a funn el cloud) forms in extreme low pressures, or when the tornado lofts dust, dirt, and debris upward from the ground. A mature tornado may be columnar or tilted, narrow or broadsometimes so broad that it appears as if the parent thundercloud itself had descended to ground level. about tornadoes resemble a swaying elephants trunk.Others, especially very violent ones, may break into several intense suction vorticesintense swirling muckle of aireach of which rotates near the parent tornado. A suction spin may be only a few meters in diameter, and indeed can destroy one house while leaving a neighboring house relatively unscathed. Formation-Many tornadoes, including the strongest ones, develop from a special type of thunderstorm known as a supercell. A supercell is a long-lived, rotating thunderstorm 10 to 16 km (6 to 10 mi) in diameter that may last several hours, travel hundreds of miles, and recrudesce several tornadoes.Supercell tornadoes are often produced in sequence, so that w hat appears to be a very long damage path from one tornado may actually be the result of a new tornado that forms in the area where the previous tornado died. Sometimes, tornado outbreaks occur, and swarms of supercell storms may occur. Each supercell may spawn a tornado or a sequence of tornadoes. The complete process of tornado physical composition in supercells is still debated among meteorologists. Scientists generally agree that the first stage in tornado formation is an interaction between the storm updraft and the winds.An updraft is a up-to-date of warm, moist air that rises upward through the thunderstorm. The updraft interacts with the winds, which must change with superlative degree in favorable ways for the interaction to occur. This interaction causes the updraft to rotate at the middle levels of the atmosphere. The rotating updraft, known as a mesocyclone, stabilizes the thunderstorm and gives it its long-lived supercell characteristics. The close stage is the deve lopment of a strong downdraft (a current of cooler air that moves in a downward direction) on the backside of the storm, known as a rear-flank downdraft.It is not clear whether the rear-flank downdraft is induced by rainfall or by pressure forces set up in the storm, although it becomes progressively colder as the rain evaporates into it. This cold air moves downward because it is denser than warm air. The speed of the downdraft increases and the air plunges to the ground, where it fans out at speeds that can exceed 160 km/h (100 mph). The favored location for the development of a tornado is at the area between this rear-flank downdraft and the main storm updraft.However, the details of why a tornado should form there are still not clear. The same compression process that creates tornadoes makes visible the generally weaker sea-going tornadoes, called waterspouts. Waterspouts occur most shoply in tropical waters. OccurrenceThe United States has the highest average annual number of tornadoes in the world, intimately 800 per year. Outside the United States, Australia ranks second in tornado frequency. Tornadoes also occur in many other countries, including China, India, Russia, England, and Germany.Bangladesh has been laid low(p) several times by devastating killer tornadoes. In the United States, tornadoes occur in all 50 states. However, the region with the most tornadoes is Tornado Alley, a swath of the middle west extending from the Texas Gulf coastal Plain northward through eastern entropy Dakota. Another area of high concentration is Dixie Alley, which extends across the Gulf Coastal Plain from south Texas eastward to Florida. Tornadoes are most frequent in the Midwest, where conditions are most favorable for the development of the severe thunderstorms that produce tornadoes.The Gulf of Mexico ensures a supply of moist, warm air that enables the storms to survive. Weather conditions that set off severe thunderstorms are frequently in place here cro ssing (flowing together) of air along boundaries between dry and moist air masses, convergence of air along the boundaries between warm and cold air masses, and low pressure systems in the upper atmosphere traveling eastward across the plains. In winter, tornado activity is usually confined to the Gulf Coastal Plain. In spring, the most active tornado season, tornadoes typically occur in central Tornado Alley and astward into the Ohio Valley. In summer, most tornadoes occur in a northern band stretching from the Dakotas eastward into Pennsylvania and southern New York State. The worst tornado disasters in the United States have claimed hundreds of lives. The Tri-State outbreak of March 18, 1925, had the highest death toll 740 people died in 7 tornadoes that struck Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana. The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974, spawned 148 tornadoes (the most in any known outbreak) and killed 315 people from Alabama north to Ohio.Floods When it rains or snows, some of the w ater is retained by the soil, some is absorbed by vegetation, some evaporates, and the remainder, which reaches stream channels, is called runoff. Floods occur when soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the water water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or retained in natural ponds and constructed reservoirs. About 30 percent of all precipitation is runoff, and this amount may be increased by thawing snow masses.Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods often result from heavy rain, sometimes feature with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks a flood that rises and falls speedily with itsy-bitsy or no advance warning is called a flash flood. fanfare floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area. Coastal areas are occasionally flooded by unusually high tides induced by severe winds over ocean surfaces, or by tsunamis cau sed by undersea earthquakes.Effects of Floods-Floods not only damage property and endanger the lives of humans and animals, but have other effects as well. Rapid runoff causes soil erosion as well as sediment deposition problems downstream. Spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitat are often destroyed. High-velocity currents increase flood damage prolonged high floods delay traffic and interfere with drainage and economic use of lands. link up abutments, bank lines, sewer outfalls, and other structures within floodways are damaged, and navigation and hydroelectric power are often impaired.Financial losses due to floods are commonly millions of dollars each year. Drought Drought, condition of abnormally dry weather within a geographic region where some rain might usually be expected. A drouth is thus quite diverse from a dry climate, which designates a region that is normally, or at least seasonally, dry. The term drought is applied to a period in which an unusual sca rceness of rain causes a serious hydrological imbalance Water-supply reservoirs empty, wells dry up, and garb damage ensues.The severity of the drought is gauged by the degree of moisture deficiency, its duration, and the size of the area affected. If the drought is brief, it is known as a dry spell, or partial drought. A partial drought is usually defined as more than 14 days without appreciable precipitation, whereas a drought may last for years. Droughts tend to be more severe in some areas than in others. Catastrophic droughts generally occur at latitudes of about 15-20, in areas bordering the permanently arid regions of the world.Permanent aridity is a characteristic of those areas where warm, tropical air masses, in descending to earth, become hotter and drier. When a poleward shift in the prevailing westerlies occurs , the hard-hitting, anticyclonic conditions of the permanently arid regions impinge on areas that are normally subject to seasonally wet low-pressure weather a nd a drought ensues. A southward shift in the westerlies caused the most severe drought of the twentieth century, the one that afflicted the African region called the Sahel for a dozen years, beginning in 1968.In North America, archaeological studies of Native Americans and statistics derived from semipermanent agricultural records show that six or seven centuries ago unanimous areas of the Southwest were abandoned by the indigenous agriculturists because of repeated droughts and were never reoccupied. The statistics signalise that roughly every 22 yearswith a precision of three to four yearsa major drought occurs in the United States, most seriously affecting the Prairie and midwestern states.The disastrous drought of the 1930s, during which large areas of the Great Plains became known as the Dust Bowl, is one example. The effect of the drought was aggravated by overcropping, overpopulation, and lack of timely relief measures. In Africa, the Sahel drought was also aggravated by n onclimatic determinants such as overcropping, as well as by problems between nations and peoples unfriendly with one another. Although drought cannot be reliably predicted, certain precautions can be taken in drought-risk areas.These entangle construction of reservoirs to hold emergency water supplies, education to avoid overcropping and overgrazing, and programs to limit settlement in drought-prone areas. Volcano Volcano, mountain or hill make by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or more openings (called volcanic vents) in the earths surface. The term release can also refer to the vents themselves. closely ventholees have steep sides, but some can be softly sloping mountains or even flat tablelands, plateaus, or plains.The volcanoes above sea level are the best known, but the vast majority of the worlds volcanoes lie beneath the sea, formed along the global oceanic ridge systems that sucker the deep ocean floor . According to the Smithsonian Institution, 1,51 1 above-sea volcanoes have been active during the quondam(prenominal) 10,000 years, 539 of them erupting one or more times during written history. On average, 50 to 60 above-sea volcanoes worldwide are active in any given year about half of these are continuations of eruptions from previous years, and the rest are new.Volcano Formation-All volcanoes are formed by the accumulation of magma (molten rock that forms down the stairs the earths surface). Magma can erupt through one or more volcanic vents, which can be a single opening, a cluster of openings, or a long crack, called a fissure vent. It forms deep within the earth, generally within the upper part of the mantle (one of the layers of the earths crust), or less commonly, within the base of the earths crust. High temperatures and pressures are needed to form magma.The straight mantle or crustal rock must be melted under conditions typically reached at depths of 80 to 100 km (50 to 60 mi) below the earths surface. Once tiny dr oplets of magma are formed, they begin to rise because the magma is less dense than the solid rock surrounding it. The processes that cause the magma to rise are poorly understood, but it generally moves upward toward lower pressure regions, squeezing into spaces between minerals within the solid rock. As the individual magma droplets rise, they get married to form ever-larger blobs and move toward the surface.The larger the rising blob of magma, the easier it moves. Rising magma does not reach the surface in a steady manner but tends to accumulate in one or more underground depot regions, called magma reservoirs, before it erupts onto the surface. With each eruption, whether explosive or nonexplosive, the material erupted adds another layer to the growing volcano. After many eruptions, the volcanic materials pile up around the vent or vents. These piles form a topographic feature, such as a hill, mountain, plateau, or crater, that we recognize as a volcano.Most of the earths volc anoes are formed beneath the oceans, and their locations have been documented in recent decades by mapping of the ocean floor. Volcanic Materials- 1-Lava-Lava is magma that breaks the surface and erupts from a volcano. If the magma is very changeable, it flows rapidly down the volcanos slopes. Lava that is more sticky and less fluid moves slower. Lava flows that have a continuous, smooth, ropy, or billowy surface are called pahoehoe (pronounced pah HOH ee hoh ee) flows, while aa (pronounced ah ah) flows have a jagged surface constitute of loose, on an irregular basis shaped lava chunks.Once cooled, pahoehoe forms smooth rocks, while aa forms jagged rocks. The words pahoehoe and aa are Hawaiian terms that describe the texture of the lava. Lava may also be expound in terms of its composition and the type of rock it forms. Basalt, andesite, , and rhyolite are all different kinds of rock that form from lava. Each type of rock, and the lava from which it forms, contains a different am ount of the compound ti dioxide. Basaltic lava has the least amount of silicon dioxide, andesitic and dacitic lava have medium levels of silicon dioxide, while rhyolitic lava has the most. -Tephra-Tephra, or pyroclastic material, is made of rock fragments formed by explosive shattering of sticky magma (see Pyroclastic Flow). The term pyroclastic is of Greek origin and means fire-broken (pyro, fire klastos, broken). Tephra refers to any airborne pyroclastic material regardless of size or shape. The best-known tephra materials include pumice, clinkers, and volcanic ash. These fragments are set forthd when gases build up inside a volcano and produce an explosion. The pieces of magma are shot into the air during the explosion.Ash refers to fragments smaller than 2 mm (0. 08 in) in diameter. The finest ash is called volcanic dust and is made up of particles that are less than 0. 06 mm (0. 002 in) in diameter. Volcanic blocks, or bombs, are the largest fragments of tephra, more than 64 mm (2. 5 in) in diameter (baseball size or larger). Some bombs can be the size of a small car. 3-Gases-Gases, primarily in the form of steam, are released from volcanoes during eruptions. All eruptions, explosive or nonexplosive, are accompanied by the release of volcanic gas.The sudden escape of high-pressure volcanic gas from magma is the driving force for eruptions. Gases come from the magma itself or from the hot magma coming into contact with water in the ground. Volcanic plumes can appear dark during an eruption because the gases are mixed with dark-colored materials such as tephra. Most volcanic gases predominantly consist of water vapor (steam), with carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) being the next two most common compounds along with smaller amounts of chlorine and fluorine gases.Types of Volcano 1-Cinder Cones and Composite Volcanoes-Cinder cones and composite volcanoes have the beaten(prenominal) conelike shape that people most often associate with volcanoes . Some of these form beautifully symmetrical volcanic hills or mountains such as Paricutin Volcano in Mexico and Mount Fuji in Japan. Although both cinder cones and composite volcanoes are mostly the results of explosive eruptions, cinder cones consist unaccompanied of fragmental lava. This fragmental lava is erupted explosively and made up of cinders. -Shield Volcanoes-Shield volcanoes (also called volcanic shields) get their name from their distinctive, gently sloping mound-like shapes that resemble the fighting shields that ancient warriors carried into battle.Their shapes strike the fact that they are constructed mainly of countless fluid basaltic lava flows that erupted nonexplosively. Such flows can easily spread great distances from the feeding volcanic vents, comparable to the spreading out of hot syrup poured onto a plate. Volcanic shields may be either small or large, and the largest shield volcanoes are many times larger than the largest composite volcanoes. -Caldera-A caldera is a round or oval-shaped low area that forms when the ground collapses because of explosive eruptions. An explosive eruption can explode the top off of the mountain or eject all of the magma that is inside the volcano. Either of these actions may cause the volcano to collapse. Calderas can be larger than the largest shield volcanoes in diameter. Such volcanic features, if geologically young, are often outlined by an irregular, steep-walled boundary (a caldera rim), which mulls the original ringlike zone, or fault, along which the ground collapse occurred.Some calderas have hills and mountains rising within them, called resurgent domes, that reflect volcanic activity after the initial collapse. 4-Volcanic Plateaus-Some of the largest volcanic features on earth do not actually look like volcanoes. Instead, they form extensive, nearly flat-topped accumulations of erupted materials. These materials form volcanic plateaus or plains covering many thousands of square(a) kilom eters. The volcanic materials can be either very fluid basaltic lava flows or far-traveled pyroclastic flows.The basaltic lava flows are called flood or plateau basalts and are erupted from many fissure vents. Volcano Hazards-Eruptions pose direct and indirect volcano hazards to people and property, both on the ground and in the air. Direct hazards are pyroclastic flows, lava flows, falling ash, and debris flows. Pyroclastic flows are mixtures of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas. They are especially deadly because of their high temperatures of 850 C (1600 F) or higher and fast speeds of 250 km/h (160 mph) or greater.Lava flows, which move much more slowly than pyroclastic flows, are rarely life threatening but can produce long property damage and economic loss. Heavy accumulations of volcanic ash, especially if they become wet from rainfall, can collapse roofs and damage crops. Debris flows called lahars are composed of wet concretelike mixtures of volcanic debris and water from me lted snow or ice or heavy rainfall. Lahars can travel quickly through valleys, destroying everything in their paths. Pyroclastic and volcanic debris flows have caused the most eruption-related deaths in the 20th century.