History of Pakistan

My History Notes Harris Masood Dont hardihood Touch O Levelzo2 voice communication 1- ideology of pakistan. manner of s blushing 2- ideology of pakistan in the light of reconcilements of quaid-i-azam and tout ensembleama iqbal lecture 3- the aligarh dejection lecture 4- sir syed ahmad khan and his contri andions . lecture 5- study presidential termal emergences 1857-1918 lecture 6- the khilafat front line lecture 7- muslim politics in british india 1924-1935 lecture 8- in allama iqbals presidential address december 1930 lecture 9- muslim politics and chaudhry rahmat alilecture 10- the congress ministries policies to enunciate of strugg takes muslims lecture 11- the lahore resolution, 1940. lecture 12- major(ip) policy-making sympathiesal developments in 1945-46 lecture 13- towards independence, 1947 lecture 14- inbuilt development in british india lecture 15- the problems of the vernal state lecture 16- the fair games resolution (1949) lecture 17- native issues lecture 18- character devising(1947-56) whip 1 policy-making theory of Pakistan Ideology of Pakistan Ideology is a jell of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is compactly ingrained in the winningly sense of the people.It is a dumbfound of principles, a framework of action and guidance administration that gives hunting lodge and moment to a bouncingness and human action. Ideology emphasizes on some particular principles, ideals and form for the coming(prenominal). It is a review of the existing brassal, amicable and economic arrangements that piss consciousness based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes certain actions and philosophies. Ideology gives nation a direction and innovationview and its passation is the responsibility of the concerned people. Ideology of Pakistan The ideology of Pakistan took anatomy through an evolutionary process.Historical experience provided the base anyama Iqbal gave it a philosophical betin g Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a semipolitical pragmatism and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by going away Objectives Resolution in marching music 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was collectable to the identification of the Moslems of southeast Asia that they ar different from the Hindoos that they demanded fragmentise electorates. However when they realized that their coming(prenominal) in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu bulk was non safe, they changed their demand to a resolve state.The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Moslem club of South Asia to primary(prenominal)tain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Moslems believed that Islam and Hinduism argon non only twain pietys, hardly atomic number 18 two social rafts that produced two distinct coatings. There is no compatibility amongst the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Islamics atomic number 18 non wrapped to the struggle for political supremacy solely are as well as manifested in the brushing of two social orders.Despite living to haveher for more than nonpareilness thousand years, they continue to develop different coatings and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart. The basis of the Moslem nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic instead they were a nation because they be yearned to the equal credit, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy vaticinator (PBUH). Evolution of Two Nation suppositionConcept of Islamics as a Nation developed before the initiation of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Islamic patriotism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced vernal principles pertinent to e precise sphere of intent. It pledged the redemption of the human pleasant establishing a benign society based on Quranic teachings. The beginning of the Islamic patriotism in the Sub-Continent whitethorn be attri aloneed to the origin Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the juvenile godliness, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas.Muhammad bin Qasim was the eldest of allborn Moslem encroacher who conquered some part of India and afterward that, Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to talk Islam. The Islamic sufi (saints) wish Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani and so on entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the refined practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently found Islamic dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasti es. Thus a substantial Muslim community had emerged in India who had its sustain way of life, traditions, eroes, history and culture. Islam could not be absorbed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. created reaction amongst the Muslim ulama to preserve the pure Muslim eccentric person and save it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and early(a)s is noteworthy. Equality and social merelyness inspired conversions to Islam. The British won over the Muslim rulers due to the industrial and scientific developments and juvenile war strategy. The warfare of liberty (1857) was a bust set tush to the Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the rebellion by the British.The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the sustain of Hindus. This was one of the expectant motivations that paved the way to declare the give way individualism element of subject fieldism, the Muslim nationalism. The Muslim scholars sought to reform the teaching o f Islamic law and to promote its application in a Muslim society. The lib terml name among them is Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) who awakened and point his community well in eon. His readingal drive, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the best re demo of social mobility for the Muslim gentry on a lower floor colonial rule.In 1885 the Indian National relation back was founded to signal the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement infra the British. The sexual intercourse worked and helped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to join it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in adjust to involve into the anti- regime activities. It has been argued that Sir Syeds fear of Hindu domination sowed the devourds for the Two Nations Theory subsequently espo employ by the all(a)-India Muslim compact, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a know apart state for the Muslims of India.Sir Syed argued that novel education and non-political activities might be the let on to Muslim nurturement. The Ali-Garh movement produced enlightened leadinghip who could entertain the Muslims skilfuls on the westward political lines. All India Muslim partnership had been founded in Dhaka to promote subjection to the British and to protect and advance the political accountabilitys and interests of the Muslims of India. Thus the concept of discipline electorates was put forward to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India.There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community scarce a nation with a typical history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and school of thought of life without world overwhelmed by an un human majority. Initia lly, they demanded safeguards, underlying guarantees and a federal arranging of political relation with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests.Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was exiting to entreat those guarantees and safeguards. Hindi-Urdu competition Hindu revivalist movements offered more against the Muslims. Hindu nationalism was gibe to the Muslim nationalism. The Indian nationalism forced Muslims to ready themselves politically to defend their interests effectively. later on 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the major enrapture by the Hindus on Muslim heritage and legacy of the great Muslim Empire.Hindus were biased against Urdu as it was the Muslims linguistic communication. They demanded Hindi as the official language replacing Urdu. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867. It was the start of the Hindi-Urdu co ntroversy. On the very issue, Sir Syed foretold about the parlous future of Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus struggled vigorously to replace Urdu by Hindi in the offices. This compound the importance of the sense of Muslim separatism. The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sublime principles to implement like 1. traffic pattern of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play. 2. Equality of opportunity to all citizens disregardless of caste, sect, religion or region. 3. Religious and Cultural tolerance. 4. Respect for human egotism-regard and rights. 5. Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice their beliefs and religions. These principles are enshrined in the constitutions. We ought to work towards realization of these goals in reality and create institutions and processes that reflect these principles and values. berate 2- Ideology of Pakistan in the start of recitements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA IQBAL The Development of Muslim Identity and Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the establishment of Pakistan. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity and interests and shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.They adopted the strategy to get constitutional safeguards from the British against the cruel majority of Hindus but because of the antagonistic treatment from the rivals they set the goal of a separate state. Islam had central place to their raise developments. The place of leadinghip is very important to put nation on the way. A good leadership infuses the qualities of awakeness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having such capable leadership. Muhammad Ali JINNAH M. A.Jinnah was a history-making leader who changed the course of history. He possessed a visionary leadership, commitment to the cause and political mobilization capacity. He was a magnetized Leader in the real sense of the meaning. ROLE OF JINNAH Jinnah compete a decisive fiber in articulating the Muslim demands and pursuing these sheathd strong reverse from the Hindus and the British. He started his political career in 1906 by fall in the Indian National sexual relation. He was take to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim federation (AIML).Now he was member of both the political parties. Having dis savvy with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), off freedom from the British and on using supererogatory-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the relation in 1920. His proto(prenominal) efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCK outright PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands shed lig ht on Electorate tierce Seats in rally Legislature protection of minority rights In the Nehru encompass, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929.He delimit Muslim identity and mobilized them with reference to Islam and convinced some others that Muslims are different from the Hindus and the relation back. Islamic principles, concepts and symbols sur posed in his speeches and statements. Jinnah used the term NATION for the Muslims of India in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He argued that the combination of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a fraction ENTITY. In March 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could stupefy at a settlement with Hindus as TWO Nations. In 1937, he maintain that there is also a third base party in India, the Muslims.In 1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations and they are going to live as a nation and playing part as a nation We ar e a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions in short, we have our own distinctive observation post on life and of life. By all cannons of international law, we are a nation. Speeches and statements 1940-47 Jinnah believed in the force of Islam as he express that Islam is a dynamic force that can amalgamate the Muslims.It can help to overcome the present crisis. Its a commencement of inspiration and guidance providing honourable foundation, a framework, social order and civilization. advocate & inspiration for constitution-making and Governance He also talked of the modern notions of state, constitution, civil and political rights and democracy. He assured that constitution of Pakistan would be framed by the elected assembly. redbrick democratic and Islamic State He gave assurance of equivalence of all citizens and rights and freedom to religious minorities in the new state. ALLAMA IQBAL POET AND PHILOSOPHERVISION OF A SEPARATE MUSLIM STATE Men like Allama Iqbal are born(p) but in centuries. He was conscious of significance of Islam in lives of the Muslims. His first exoteric appearance was in 1899 at the annual academic session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim. At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses like Tarana-i- Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions. Being educated from Europe, he knew all weak aspects of the occidental culture. He criticized capitalism, materialism and lose of spiritualism.IQBAL- Focus on the conditions of the Indian Muslims Islam can salvage the Muslims Islam has always saved Muslim Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can cumulate modern challenges Islam to help them to overcome their internal discord and enable them to come upon external challenges With spiritualism based derived from Islam Ijtehad and Reinterpretation (READ Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam) portion out to the Muslim fusion session, Allahabad, December 1930 I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as a self judicature indoors the British empire or without.This is the final fortune of the Muslims of N. W. India. (Dr Iqbals verses may be quoted) web site may also be visited Lecture 3 The Aligarh exercise The Aligarh elbow grease The warfare of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless punishment and merciless revenge. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their enemies because they had ousted them from power.With the war of 1857 this feeling was intensified and every(prenominal) attempt was make to ruin a nd abrogate the Muslims forever. Thus the Mughal rule came to an end and the sub- pure went directly under the British crown. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan make modern education the way to progress After the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational constitution with drastic changes. The policy restricted Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made face as the only medium of instruction as well as the official language in 1835.A wrong side of everything modern and occidental, and disinclination to make use of the opportunities opening under the new regime was created among the Muslims. This tendency, had it continued long, would have proved disastrous for the Muslim community. such(prenominal) were the days of despair and despondency when Sir Syed appeared on the horizon of Muslim India to pull through them. Sir Syed had the conviction that regeneration of the Indian Muslims had not at all visualised that mankind had entered a very importa nt phase of its existence, i. e. n era of science and learning which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. thence, modern education became the pivot of his movement for the regeneration of the Indian Muslims, which brought a complete predilection in their lives. He move to transform Muslim minds from medieval outlook to a modern one. Hali and Shibli were also associated with the Aligarh Movement. Sir Syeds first and foremost objective was to modernize the Muslims following the atomic number 74ern cultural values that could create intimate atmosphere for the two communities.He motivated his community to learn the Western philosophy and slope literature to get along with the ruling people. Therefore, in order to fulfill this desire he started the Aligarh movement. He had two immediate objectives in view 1) To remove the state of tension between the Muslims and the British government, and 2) To bring in them to get jobs and other facilities under the new gove rnment. To him, this was the only way for the Muslims to prosper. The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following 1. To create an atmosphere of usual understanding between the British government and the Muslims 2.To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education 3. To persuade Muslims to refrain from agitational politics Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to suck in a number of sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, Nawab Viqar ul Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. All these personalities advocated the cause set by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. about English professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arnold also contributed greatly in make up the Aligarh college into a first rate institution.Syed Ahmad launched his educational movement by scope up Gulshan shoal at Muradabad 1859 Victoria School at Gazipur in 1863 Scientific Society for the translation of Englis h works in the inhering language, Urdu, at Aligarh in 1864 Aligarh Institute Gazette imparting information on history ancient and modern, science of agriculture, natural sciences, physical sciences and Advanced math in 1866 Committee Striving for the educational Progress of Muslims 1870 Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875 at the pattern of English public schools and later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1920 Mohammedan Educational host (1886), which met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics it later became a political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All India Muslim league. Besides his big(a) role in the educational uplift of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad Khans publications played important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood.His Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind in 1858 and other writing s as Loyal Mohammedans of India Tabyin-ul-Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya rooted out the misunderstandings about Islamic teachings and helped create a cordial relation between the British Government and the Indian Muslims and also helped to remove the misunderstanding about Islam and Christianity. It was this platform from where Syed Ahmad Khan potently forbade the Muslims to join the Hindu dominated political party, the Indian National relative. He regretted the Urdu-Hindi controversy initiated by Hindus and predicted that both the nations could no longer live together. He stood for reserved Movement theory. eats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, which led to the Two Nation Syed Ahmad Khans Aligarh Movement played a significant role to bring about an dexterous revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up the dispirit Muslim community to the real status of nation. Lecture 4 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His sections Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions The great emancipator of the Indian Muslims Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born at Delhi in 1817. This is the period when the great Mughal Empire was fold to a complete collapse.Sir Syeds family had already joined the einsteinium India Company and his enatic grandfather served in Iran and Burma under the British government. Sir Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. SM Ikram writes, For this insight into the affairs of the state and first contacts with Western learning and civilization he was indebted to his maternal grandfather (S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India, p. 18). Sir Syed was very healthy by birth and his grandfather remarked A Jat has been born in our family. (Ibid. , p. 19) The death of Sir Syed forced him to join the British as head clerk in 1839. The death of his brother made him austere and energetic to face the neuroses of life courageously. Another event t hat changed him entirely was the warfare of Independence in 1857.In 1841, he passed examination and became sub-judge. At the eve of the War of Independence he was performing the duties as sub-judge in Bijnore. He established educational institutions and after coming at Aligarh he rejuvenated his aspirations to work for the depressed Muslims of the Subcontinent. He devoted his entire life for this purpose to bring the Muslims close to the British. He died on March 27, 1898 and was buried in Aligarh. His Services He took responsibility of the Indian Muslims when they had been thrown in backwardness, depression andn humiliation. The British held them fell of the War term the Hindus had won the British being anti-Muslim force.In such environment, Sir Syed guided his community to rejoin the life. To Dr Qalb-i-Abid, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was among a very few leaders produced by Muslim India, who like Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a tremendous voice in guiding the destinies of the Indian Musli ms. (Dr Q. Abid, Muslim Struggle for Independence, p. 11. ) Sir Syed and political sympathies In the political arena, Sir Syed carved numerous successes he eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British infused due to the past particular incidents. Awakening among the Muslims about the political ups and downs and co-existence in the forepart of other nations in India was another contribution of Sir Syed.He motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West because this was the very motive of the Western expansion in the world. He visualized the bright future of the Muslims if they engaged themselves in the Western learning. Sir Syed won the British confidence and cordial relationship by sparing their lives during the War of Independence. He utilized this relationship for the betterment of the Muslims. It was a penetrating situation because the government had put the War crimes on the Muslim shoulders and assaulted their every aspect of life These events were a trauma for the Muslims the methods used by them ball over the civilized world. The detestation of Delhi as a centre of Muslim culture was horrendous Bahadur Shah Zafarwas exiled to Rangoon Lt.Hodson fit three Mughal princes and later 24 princes were tried and execute a vast ocean of blood there was Some Muslims were shot dead and their dead bodies were thrown into the river Jamna (Ibid. , p. 14). All Muslims were ousted from land, property and employments that made them third class citizens of India. This created revengeful sentiments among the Muslims who detested British, their culture and civilization. Sir Syed was of the view that British were a civilized, educated, wise and train nation and occupied India with the new war strategy and munitions that could not be matched by the locals and particularly by the Muslims.Therefore at the stick the Muslims should mould themselves according to the footfall of time to avoid more disaster. Sir Syed produce Loyal Moha mmedans of India and Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind that helped both the nations to redress their grievances. In 1885 the Indian National carnal knowledge was founded but Sir Syed warned the Muslims from the sinister aspirations of the Hindus. Another factor was that he intended the Muslims to abstain from the politics that could result in friction with the ruling nation. Urdu-Hindi Controversy Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardless of origin or religion but in 1867 the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi.To gain the objectives, they state numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who say to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together. Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save Urdu language. Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who unionized the Muslims in defense of Urdu. Muslims-as a Nation Sir Syed used the word nation for the Muslims. Some writers criticize that he declared Hi ndus and Muslims one nation. But as a matter of fact, he advocated the Hindu-Muslim unity that meant the running(a) relationship between the two nations as once he said Hindus and Muslims should try to be of one mind in matters which affected their progress. He favored separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would override the interests of the minority. (P. Hardy, pp. 136-37) joined Indian Patriotic crosstie In 1888, he set up the Patriotic familiarity to meet the propaganda of the sex act. Muslims and Hindus joined the Association. It advocated the Muslims emotions. Mohammedan Defense Association In December 1893, Sir Syed founded the Association. Its main purpose was to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was great because he contributed greatly to the Muslim struggle for identity. Otto von Bismarck served the German nation with the help of all government sources but Sir Syed did the same without all this.To Khalid put in Sayeed, Many tributes have been paid to Sir Sayyed, particularly by modern educated Muslims for being daring enough to put forward such views in an age which was by no means liberal or tolerant. (Dr Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan, the Formative Phase, p. 17). Lecture 5- Major governmental Developments 1857-1918 Major Political Developments 1857-1918 The year 1857 brought moderate to the Muslim rule in India. Muslims and Hindus participated in the War of Independence but the British held only Muslims responsible for the rebellion. The Muslims were persecuted ruthlessly and go forth at the mercy of time. The post war era was disastrous for the Muslims but some personalities emerged on the national scene and played excellent role to guide their people in this critical situation.The central Mohammedan Association of Justice Amir Ali Syed and the Aligarh movement are very magnanimous in this regard. Their efforts for revival of the self-identity and political positionin g in the Indian society enabled them to face any challenge in the future. Some important issues have already been discussed in the previous lectures. So a brief reference to events in historical context may be given Decline after the 1857 Uprising Sir Syed and his colleagues efforts for revival Removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British Educational movement or acquisition of modern knowledge and English Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the hatred and enmity ofHindu community towards the Muslims. Formation of the sexual relation was a method to incorporate the Muslims in Hinduism. It popularized the agitational politics that Muslims could not afford because they were notwithstanding recovering the past gaps. Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims that accelerated the pace of widening the gulf between the two nations. Events Since the Beginning of 20TH atomic number 6 1. class of Bengal, 1905 2. Simla Deputation, 1906 3. Formation of the Muslim League, 1906 4. Changes in the Goals of the Muslim League, 1913 5. Lucknow obligation, 1916 1 Partition of Bengal 1905 United Bengals area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 million populations.Dr Abdul Hameed writes in his book, Muslim Separatism in India, that the sectionalisation was imperative even if Curzon had not initiated it. A Lt. Governor had problems in looking after the eastern areas. principally Muslim suffered because of the rotten administration by the British. Before 1905, many proposals of divide of Bengal had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative scheme. East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having 13000000 out of 31000000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority province. Muslims were very happy on the section as this had enabled them to promote their life conditions.It was rightly an opportunity for compensation. The Muslim community back up it strongly but Hindus retalia ted furiously saying it the division of motherland. The Congress joined the anti-partition movement. They started general agitation, violence and boycott of foreign goods. The main apprehension of Hindu protest was that they had loosened grip over the eastern parts. annulment of the Partition on 12 December 1911 The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of might George V. The Muslims were disappointed by the government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus. 2 The Simla Deputation 1906In fact Simla Deputation was in line with a kind of thinking that was developing amongst the Muslims during that time i. e. they had certain interests and they must stand up to protect their rights and unless they do that that objective would not be achieved. The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first administrationatic attempt on the part of the Muslims to present their demands, to the British government and to seek their acceptance. The Simla deputation holdd 35 Muslims from all over India. It was a coltsfoot of Muslims leaders from all the provinces, from one end of India to the other and it had Muslims of all background. Therefore, when in 1906, this deputation called on the Viceroy, it was the most representative Muslim military mission.This delegation was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met the Viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation. The memorandum which they presented was a kind of demands which were the uppermost in the minds of the Muslims at that time. The delegation accent that the Muslims should not be viewed simply in numerical footing but they should take into account their historical importance and the kind of contribution the Muslims had made to British India and holding in view that importance they should work towards accommodating their demands. The delegation emphasized that democratic principle should be intro duced keeping in view the bizarre conditions and circumstances of India.The diversity, the fact that there different kinds of people living in India and the fact that the Muslims consider themselves to be a separate entity, all these things had to be taken into account because the India was not a homogenous amalgamated or monolithic political identity. It was a political identity comprising diversity, divergence in view, divergence in outlook and when you introduce some kind of body then these realities had to be accommodated. In view of this submission they presented some demands government agency more than their population because of their importance. damp electorate Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs. particular(prenominal) share in Municipal or soil boards University senates and yndicates Muslim delegacy in Viceroy decision maker Council. Muslim University at Aligarh. The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It encouraged the Muslims to launch strug gle for their rights parallel to the Indian National Congress but it required an organized platform. 3 Formation of the Muslim League in Dhaka December 30, 1906 Time had come to formally organize the Muslims after the success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the meeting of the Mohammedan Educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting.Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded. In the Karachi session Dec. 1907 its constitution was ratified and in March 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan was formally elected its president. capital of the United Kingdom Branch May 1908 Justice Amir Ali Syed organised a pegleg of Muslim League at London and responded effectively to the misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus against the Muslims. GOALS 1. Protection and forward motion of political rights and inte rests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal. 3. Fostering sense of loyalty, among the Muslims, towards the government 4 Change in the Goals of the Muslim League 1913 eventful developments occurred during the first decennary of the 20th century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western infringement towards Muslim countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913), etc. weakened Muslim faith in the British. This led to a major drift in the Muslim Leagues policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiar conditions in India. Good relations with other communities cooperation with any party working for confusable goals. This change brought the ML and Congress closer. In this way the era of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the Congress and the Muslim Le ague to the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913. 5 Lucknow Pact, 1916The Lucknow pact was the product of Hindu-Muslim unity envisaged by M. A. Jinnah. In December 1915, the ML and Congress met separately in Bombay. Both the parties set up committees for making a scheme for constitutional changes in consultation with other political parties. Role of the Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah did a lot to unite the two nations along with the acknowledgment of the rights of Muslims. Meeting of both parties held at Lucknow in 1916. The constitutional proposals were approved 1. integrity Third seats for Muslims in the Imperial Legislative Council. 2. Separate Electorate 3. half members of the Executive Council to be elected by the Imperial Legislative Council. 4. licenced ranks of the army for Indians. 5.Expansion of idyl Legislative Councils. 6. Half members of the Governors Executive Council be elected by Provincial Legislative Council 7. Weightage to minorities in provinces. Gains from Musli m Point-of-view 1. Separate Electorate 2. unity Third Muslim seats in Central Legislature. 3. Unofficial bill, if unconnected by three-fourth members of a community, it leave not be passed. August 20, 1917 Announcement by British Government Secretary of State Montagu promised for 1. Greater association of Indian in all branches of government. 2. Responsible government 3. Induction of Indians in the commissioned ranks. Conclusion The historical struggle of the Muslims confirm their identity.They organized their political party to address the demands. They also got recognition by the Hindus as a separate nation. The British accepted their role in the political domain. Lecture 6 The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the take hold of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. Turkey sided with Germany in terra firma War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims.Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah. Goals 1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact. 2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved. 3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims. Dimensions The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the preservation of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places. The Muslims journalism played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle.Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar , and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which performed their duties to express their resentment. The Allies imposed humiliating terms on vanquished Turkey. Protests in India All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the Muslim community. These steps were announced No participation in victory celebrations. Boycott of British goodsNon Cooperation with the Government The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy while Maulana M. A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat Committee decided to start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Congres s in May 1920. Rowlett Act, 1919 Rowlett Act was a discolour law introduced in India. To the law, the government got authority to persecute any Indian and the arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to appeal just as the Lettres de Cachet in France before the French Revolution.Jinnah resigned from the central law-makers as a protest. Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919 The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but General Dyer opened fire to disperse the throng that cast a huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir Michaal O Dayer, Ram Muhammad Singh Azad got revenge of the Indian massacre. The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperation with Government but Jinnah opposed and left the Congress because he was against the use of extra-constitutional means of protests. Non-Cooperation Return Titles. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. let go of from jobs. Later resign from police and military jobs. Refusal to pay taxes. Khilafat Conference, Karachi, July 1921 In the session the participants expressed their loyalty to Turkish Sultan. They decided to continue the agitation and supported Attaturk to expel foreign forces from Turkey. Hijrat Movement 1920-21 The Indian ulama (religious leaders) declared India Darul Harab. Darul Harab means the place (country) where Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices. In the said situation, the Muslims should migrate to the nearest safe place. The ulama issued verdicts to go to Darul Islam, Afghanistan.There was an impression that King of Afghanistan would welcome them. So the migration took place at large scale. Initially Afghans welcomed them. Later, they close the border and pushed the migrants back to the Indian territories. It resulted in loss of lives and money. Many died during this mission. Some went to Soviet Union from Afghanistan because they had no thing in India now. End of the Movement Moplah drive Malabar Coast, near Kalicut Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-Continent even before the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, they revolted against Hindu landlords whose treatment was very brutal with them.Later this clash changed as Moplahs versus the Police and Hindu. This embittered the Hindu-Muslim relations. There was an increase in violence day by day and the Chorachori Incident (UP) in February 1922 worsened the situation. The Congress volunteers set a police station on fire and 21 policemen were killed. Gandhi curtly called off the movement. Developments in Turkey In 1922 Attaturk emerged as a national leader and restricted powers of Sultan. Next he was appointed Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly. In March 1924, Khilafat was abolished. This caused a widespread resentment among the Indian Muslims. They sent delegations to Turkey but failed to achieve their objectives. Conclusions 1.It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and especially Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses. 2. It was the movement launched on the basis of extra-territorialism. Later, no such movement but Pan-Islamic sentiments continued. 3. It resulted in the sufferings of the Muslims 4. Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived. Reactivation of the Muslim League and other Muslim organizations to restart their activities as a separate nation was the great outcome. Lecture 7 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 1. Delhi Muslim Proposals 2. Nehru make-up 3. Quaid-i-Azams Fourteen Points 4. Simon burster 5. Round Table Conferences 6. Constitutional Proposals BackdropThe Khilafat movement brought Hindu-Muslim communities to cooperation. The leaders made the efforts to revive harmony for preparing constitutional proposals. 1 Delhi Muslim Proposals March 1927 Important Muslim leaders on the in itiative of the Quaid met in Delhi to discuss constitutional and political issues. The major demands were Punjab and Bengal statuary Muslim majorities No Weightage in provinces Sind to be separated from Bombay Constitutional Reforms in NWFP unrivaled-third seats for Muslims in Central Legislature On communal issues, no law will be passed if three-fourth members of the concerned community oppose it. If these demands are accepted, they will give up separate electorate. Subsequently, the Muslim League was divided in the Punjab, Shafi League and Jinnah League. Sir Muhammad Shafi opposed Jinnah on the issues Separate electorate Attitude towards the Simon Commission. Jinnah continued his unremitting efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity. 2 The Nehru Report 1928 The main objective was to constitute proposals for the Indian Constitution. The Congress called All Parties Conference that appointed a 10-member committee in May 1928 under the Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru and Secretary ship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Recommendations that baneened Muslim interests are No Separate electorate No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats according to population Sind to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional status on certain conditions. Quaid-i-Azam tried to get amendments in the Report in the All Parties Conference in Calcutta but did not succeed. This is the very moment when Jinnah remarked, it is parting of the ways. He presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader. 3 Jinnahs Fourteen Points 1929 1. Federal system with residuary powers with the provinces 2. Provincial autonomy. 3. Separate electorate for Muslims. 4.Effective representation to minorities in the provinces but the majority should not be reduced to minority 5. One-third representation of Muslims in Central Legislatur e. 6. One third Muslim representation in cabinets. 7. No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that would adversely affect Muslim majority. 8. Religious freedom to all. 9. No law will be passed if three-fourth elected members of a community declare that it is against their interests. 10. Sind to be made a separate province. 11. Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan. 12. Muslim representation in govt. jobs. 13. Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and civilization, education, language, personal laws and Muslim institutions.Government should provide fiscal assistance. 14. No constitutional amendment unless all constituent units of the conspiracy agree to it. These points reflected the aspirations of every Muslim living in India. 4 The Simon Commission The British government sent a commission to seek the opinion of Indians on the future shape of constitutional arrangements. It arrived in India in 1927 and it published the report in 1930. Most political p arties boycotted it. It presented its report containing several constitutional proposals Federal system of government with strong centre Two Houses. Abolition of dyarchy system in provinces More powers to provincial governments. Governor not to interfere in day to day affairs. Constitutional changes in NWFP 5 Roundtable Conferences 1930, 1931, and 1932 setoff Session of the Conference In the first session, a number of prominent Muslims like M. A. Jinnah, Sir Shafi, Maulana M. A. Jauhar, Zafarullah Khan participated. They emphasized federalism, self- government, safeguards for minorities, separate electorate, preferential representation in central legislature, secure majorities in Punjab and Bengal. Second Conference Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference. Iqbal, Jinnah and others participated in the second conference. Gandhi represented the Congress.The key issues of the session were Federation and Minorities. The communal Award, August 1932 Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award 1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India. 2. Weightage to minorities 3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow Pact 4. One third representation for Muslims in Central legislature 5. One fourth representation for Muslims in operate 6. Sind to be made a province Poona Pact, September 1932 The Congress expressed strong reaction against the right of separate electorate to the Indian minorities, especially to low caste Hindus whom Gandhi named Harijan (sons of God).Dissonance in Gandhi is conspicuous that he observed fast unto death on the right to the sons of God. An agreement with low caste to surrender the separate electorate right was reason out to save Gandhis life. 3rd Roundtable Conference Nov. 17-Dec. 24 1932 The main issues had been discussed in the first two conferences and now the rest of them were to be discussed. It was ill attended conference. Quaid did not participate despite living i n London. Gandhi did not attend as he had been detained. The conference brought no change in party positions and widened Hindu-Muslim gulf. albumen Paper on Constitutional Proposals March 1933 The British government issued a small document in the form the White Paper.It included detail of working basis of the Indian constitution with Dyarchy in the centre and full responsible governments in the provinces. Government of India Act, 1935 authorise by the King August 1935 Despite these efforts the communal problems could not be settled as satisfactory to the nations living in India particularly the Muslim. Therefore the key issues remained unchanged Hindu Muslim Relations Failure to arrive at settlement Muslim demands transmuted from safeguarding rights to complete independencePakistan. Lecture 8 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the Muslim intellectuals who left a deep impact on history.He inspired Muslims of the Sub-Continent and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and identity in the Indian Muslims. He presented a framework of their political future and talked how that would help to achieve the goal of Ummah. He presented a vision and dream in his Allahabad Address. 1 Background The Hindu-Muslim question had great importance and stood crucial to British Indian history after 1857, especially in the 20th century. To Muslims, the key issue remained separate identity. They tried their level best to make the rival nations understand that the Muslims are a separate nation having different culture and civilization, interests and rights.The Two Nations theory could not fascinate the Hindus and the British peoples because they believed in territorial nationalism. The Hindus desired to absorb them in their majority but they could not face the arguments of the Muslim intellectuals. By 1930, Muslims had developed a sense of identity and political demands. Iqbal del ivered his Presidential address in this background. Iqbals stay in Europe, 1905-08, helped to solve his thoughts. He returned to India in 1908 and started work on the grow of Muslim decline and the mechanism to uplift the Muslims. He reminded them to follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) much as the ideal leader. He emphasized on the ideals, teachings and principles of Islam.He sought repurchase through Islam. He was awarded with many prominent social positions Title of Sir was conferred in 1922 Member Punjab Legislative Council (1927-1930) He delivered lectures on Islam in Aligarh, Hyderabad and Madras (1928-29). At Allahabad, he presided over the meeting and delivered his famous address. The Address, December 1930 Iqbal presented a review of the political and social situation of India and solution of the ills befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of Islam in the lives of Muslims of British India. He said that the European view of duality of religion an d state does not apply here in the Indian society.Rejecting the secularism he said, religion is not a totally personal affair. He explained that Islam offers an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. It is a living, dynamic force that has a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam the scattered and mixed-up people have been turned into an organized force. The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of domination from Hindus. If the British want any sort of internal harmony it would be unrealizable unless the communal question is settled. Its historical reality that India is a continent inhabited by diverse people.No political arrangement may be acceptable without recognizing this reality. If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in accordance with their Islamic civilization and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India. Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims. Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has become a need of time. Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into a state, self government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a coalesced North Western Muslim state appears to be the final unavoidableness of the Muslims, at least of North West India.To India, it will offer tranquillity and security due to internal balance of power. Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people. Importance Iqbals address is a forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India. Why should they be treated as a political entity rather than a minority? Territorial adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideals and serve the cause of Ummah. Redistribution of dirt d eveloped later on concept of Muslim homeland. He further expressed these ideas in LETTERS TO JINNAH from May 1936 to November 1937.He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. The North Western India and Bengal can be considered as authorize to self-determination like other nations in India and outside. Shariahs development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above self-interest and devote themselves to Islam. In touchy times, Islam has saved the Muslims. Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism. Lecture 9 Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Intellectuals give lines of movement, leaders act upon and the masses prove good soldiers and this way nations accomplish their achievements.Rahmat Ali was one of the eminent scholars who made a significant contribution to the movement for the establishment of Pakistan. He was conscious of Muslim identity and outlined proposals for the partition of India for the stake of Muslims. He was the man who coined the name, PAKISTAN, for the Muslim state. When he first presented his proposal for a Muslim state, nobody took it starkly. The Muslim intellectuals and leaders were concerned about the future of the Muslims in India. They ensured a secure future for Muslims. For this purpose they worked out conglomerate proposals for securing a homeland. Rahmat Ali becomes relevant here. Biographical Sketch Ch. Rahmat Ali was born in Hoshiarpur district in 1893. Traditionally he did his B. A. from Islamia College, Lahore.He did the private and government jobs for some time and then left for Cambridge University for higher education. He was involved actively in the activities for the protection of rights of the Indian Muslims along with some other students at Cambridge University. His activism goes back to his student days in Lahore when he talked of separate state for Muslims of India. Rahmat Ali s Views He said that North Western areas are Muslim majority ares. We will not only keep these majorities but will turn them into a Muslim state. Muslims should get rid of Indianism, it is better for Muslims and Islam. In his writing, NOW OR NEVER (January 1933), he proposed the name of Muslim state, PAKISTAN. P Punjab A Afghania NWFP K Kashmir S Sind TAN BalochistanINDIA cannot be described as a state/country or home of single nation. This state did not exist as one political entity before the advent of the British. The Muslims are a distinct nation who has maintained its identity throughout. They are a separate nation. They have as much right to live as the Hindus. Pakistan should be separated from the rest of India. He further said that the employment between Muslims and Hindus is not religious, sectarian or economic but an international. The Muslims are striving for survival Hindus are trying for domination over the other nations living in the Sub-Continent particularly the Mus lims. He established the Pakistan National Movement in 1940.He began to talk about Bengal and Hyderabad as Muslim areas and separate states. Bang-i-Islam would comprise of Bengal and Assam and Osmanistan of Hyderabad Deccan. He visited Pakistan in 1948 but the atmosphere of the motherland did not check him and so he returned to Cambridge. He died there on 11 February 1951. His Contribution It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name of the Muslim state. He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims deserved a separate homeland. He gave the future lines to the Muslims considering Islamic thoughts universal and true in comparison with the contemporary isms. When the Lahore Resolution was passed, it was immediately described as Pakistan Resolution.It, the division of India, was the solution of Hindu-Muslim question but Rahmat Ali proposed this long before the Lahore Resolution. Lecture 10 The Congress Ministries Policies towards Muslims The Congress Min istries Policies towards Muslims Topics 1. Elections 2. Provincial Governments 3. Their Policies 4. Muslim Response Government of India Act, 1935 The Government of India Act, 1935 was not fully promulgated but the only provincial part was introduced in the country. Muslim League and the Congress criticized it but agreed to contest provincial elections. The 1937 Elections The elections of 1937 were held with the restricted franchise and separate electorate.The Congress projected itself as an all-India force representing all religions and factions of the society. The Muslim League contested for the Muslim seats. There was a tough competition from the other Muslim organizations. The elections were completed in February 1937. The Congress got majorities in five provinces, Madras, U. P. , C. P. , Bihar, and Orissa. It emerged as the largest party in Bombay and won 704 out of 1585 general seats. The Muslim League performed poorly in the elections and got only about 21 percent of Muslim se ats without winning majority anywhere, Bengal, Punjab, NWFP, and Sind. It was mostly due to the organizational problems and opposition by local Muslim groups. Formation of Provincial GovernmentsIn July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar and Congress formed a coalition government. In the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League could not form the governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the U. P. but the Congress consented to a conditional support 1. dissolve AIML Parliamentary Board 2. AIML members not to function as a separate group 3. AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress Definitely the above-mentioned terms were a device to subvert the existence of the Muslim League. Therefore, no agreement was possible on this issue. Policies of the Congress Governments (July 1937-Nov. 939) First all Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim drive basically to exclude the ML and other Muslim organiz ations from the government making process. The Congress leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. They started Muslim Mass Contact movement to defame the ML in their favour. They were making cultural and educational policies that promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational contrivance was to convert Muslims into Hindus through primary educational literature.Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and contortion of Muslim history became their moral creed. They followed the policy of discrimination in services or new recruitment for jobs. The Congress ministries adopted overall disconfirming and cruel attitude, especially towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compelled the Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life. Muslim Response The Mus lims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. They arranged a close observe of the government. They publicized their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of Muslims on these matters required keen probe to collect the original facts of the Hindu atrocities. The Pirpur ReportOn March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League people. The Sharif Report, March 1939 The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to investigate the injustices under the dictatorial rule of the Hindus. This report principally collected the facts, concentrating on ill treatment of the government with the Muslims in Bihar. The Fazl-ul- Haq Repo rt (December 1939) A. K. Fazl-ul-Haq published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings Under the Rule of Congress and made many alarming revelations e. g. orbidding of Azan, attacks in mosques, noisy processions of the Hindu scoundrels, forbidding of the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments by the Congress on the Muslims. All the reports described the Congress government as an attempt to create Hindu Raj that wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identity. It was a rigorous threat to the Muslims interests. Muslim League Activism The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to counter them adequately. It reorganized the Muslim community to cope with the situation. The ML arranged its session at Lucknow in October 1937. Many prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session while SikanderHayat and Saadullah announced their support to the ML. The Muslim leaders shed a distinct criticism on the Congress policies. They pro tested against the reduction of status of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. They created realization, amongst the Muslims, of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements. They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need of unity among the Muslims under the banner of Muslim League. The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November 1939.The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December 22, 1939. The ML redefined its position during the World War II. They expressed their enthusiasm that no constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their organizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of the Congress ministries. Lecture 11 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The experience of Congress Rule compelled the Musl ims to launch the movement for separate homeland. The Hindus made them realize that Hindu government would mean an anti-Muslim ru